1 00:00:01,000 --> 00:00:07,000 [music playing] 2 00:00:17,033 --> 00:00:20,966 - Welcome to the 2016 NASA Ames Summer Series. 3 00:00:22,266 --> 00:00:26,600 Imagine being on a spacecraft exploring the universe 4 00:00:26,600 --> 00:00:31,233 and not knowing how your life-support system works 5 00:00:31,233 --> 00:00:34,000 and its weaknesses. 6 00:00:34,000 --> 00:00:36,133 This, for NASA, 7 00:00:36,133 --> 00:00:39,300 will be considered a very risky mission. 8 00:00:40,400 --> 00:00:44,300 Planet Earth is such a spacecraft 9 00:00:44,300 --> 00:00:47,333 where its surface is mostly covered by oceans 10 00:00:47,333 --> 00:00:50,333 that we don't fully understand. 11 00:00:51,633 --> 00:00:53,800 Today's presentation is entitled 12 00:00:53,800 --> 00:00:55,466 "Sushi and Satellites: 13 00:00:55,466 --> 00:00:58,433 Tracking Predators Across the Blue Serengeti" 14 00:00:58,433 --> 00:01:02,000 will be given by Dr. Barbara Block. 15 00:01:02,000 --> 00:01:07,100 Dr. Block is a Charles and Elizabeth Prothro Professor 16 00:01:07,100 --> 00:01:09,166 in Marine Sciences, 17 00:01:09,166 --> 00:01:13,333 Evolutionary, Cellular, and Molecular Physiology 18 00:01:13,333 --> 00:01:15,733 at Stanford University. 19 00:01:15,733 --> 00:01:18,933 She is the co-founder 20 00:01:18,933 --> 00:01:20,700 of the Monterey Bay Aquarium 21 00:01:20,700 --> 00:01:23,700 of the Tuna Research and Conservation Center... 22 00:01:25,600 --> 00:01:28,500 And is a Co-chief Scientist 23 00:01:28,500 --> 00:01:31,500 for the Tagging of Pacific Predators program. 24 00:01:33,400 --> 00:01:37,133 Dr. Block started her career with a Bachelor's of Arts 25 00:01:37,133 --> 00:01:40,733 at--from the University of Vermont 26 00:01:40,733 --> 00:01:44,866 and began her oceanography career with-- 27 00:01:44,866 --> 00:01:47,866 at Woods Hole Institute. 28 00:01:47,866 --> 00:01:50,566 She earned a PhD from Duke University 29 00:01:50,566 --> 00:01:53,133 and did a postdoc at the University of Pennsylvania. 30 00:01:53,133 --> 00:01:56,366 Please join me in welcoming Dr. Block. 31 00:01:56,366 --> 00:01:59,366 [applause] 32 00:02:02,666 --> 00:02:05,466 - Well, it's an honor, a privilege to be here 33 00:02:05,466 --> 00:02:07,966 at a NASA facility giving a talk about Earth. 34 00:02:07,966 --> 00:02:10,066 And I hope that today 35 00:02:10,066 --> 00:02:13,400 I can take you planetary explorers 36 00:02:13,400 --> 00:02:16,166 back to our planet and give you a sense of what's happening 37 00:02:16,166 --> 00:02:19,300 in the fluid part of the-- the world, the oceans. 38 00:02:19,300 --> 00:02:23,700 So how many of you, a personal question, eat sushi? 39 00:02:23,700 --> 00:02:25,433 Everybody. 40 00:02:25,433 --> 00:02:27,566 All right, and who--who's having a tuna fish sandwich 41 00:02:27,566 --> 00:02:29,500 for lunch today? 42 00:02:29,500 --> 00:02:31,000 Oh, someone in the back, all right. 43 00:02:31,000 --> 00:02:33,866 So today I hope that you're going to learn 44 00:02:33,866 --> 00:02:36,233 more about one of the Olympians in the sea, 45 00:02:36,233 --> 00:02:38,200 some of the animals we study, 46 00:02:38,200 --> 00:02:40,100 the oceans they move through, 47 00:02:40,100 --> 00:02:42,466 and then walk away from the talk with an understanding 48 00:02:42,466 --> 00:02:45,233 of how NASA Satellite Oceanography 49 00:02:45,233 --> 00:02:47,166 and NOAA Satellite Oceanography 50 00:02:47,166 --> 00:02:49,933 provides a lot of the background 51 00:02:49,933 --> 00:02:53,400 for how we understand how animals are moving 52 00:02:53,400 --> 00:02:56,100 across 2/3 of our planet. 53 00:02:56,100 --> 00:02:59,333 So the challenge, if I take you back to Earth, 54 00:02:59,333 --> 00:03:03,733 and we watch the spinning SeaWiFS view of the planet, 55 00:03:03,733 --> 00:03:08,133 is I'm going to argue today that significant portions 56 00:03:08,133 --> 00:03:11,266 of our federal budget should be spent on our planet 57 00:03:11,266 --> 00:03:13,566 because we really don't understand 2/3 of it 58 00:03:13,566 --> 00:03:14,666 all right? 59 00:03:14,666 --> 00:03:16,533 So our view has changed radically 60 00:03:16,533 --> 00:03:18,600 since we've had Earth-orbiting satellites. 61 00:03:18,600 --> 00:03:20,633 We see the seasonal changes, 62 00:03:20,633 --> 00:03:24,533 but the challenge for the terrestrial vertebrate, 63 00:03:24,533 --> 00:03:27,133 the primate called man or woman, 64 00:03:27,133 --> 00:03:30,033 is we have a hard time understanding 65 00:03:30,033 --> 00:03:32,900 the mathematics, the fluid dynamics, 66 00:03:32,900 --> 00:03:34,733 and the challenges 67 00:03:34,733 --> 00:03:37,366 of modeling organisms 68 00:03:37,366 --> 00:03:39,400 as they live in this fluid realm 69 00:03:39,400 --> 00:03:41,000 that's not very transparent. 70 00:03:41,000 --> 00:03:44,066 And to this day, we're just beginning, all right? 71 00:03:44,066 --> 00:03:45,800 We haven't been here very long 72 00:03:45,800 --> 00:03:47,733 and we're just trying to figure out, really, 73 00:03:47,733 --> 00:03:48,766 how this planet works. 74 00:03:48,766 --> 00:03:51,100 Now, put in context what I do. 75 00:03:51,100 --> 00:03:53,133 I study the Olympian of the sea, 76 00:03:53,133 --> 00:03:55,333 the giant bluefin tuna or a white shark, 77 00:03:55,333 --> 00:03:58,200 and as they slip beneath the waves, 78 00:03:58,200 --> 00:04:02,433 just like a whale, everything becomes nontransparent 79 00:04:02,433 --> 00:04:04,600 and radio signals don't work. 80 00:04:04,600 --> 00:04:06,766 So how do you study animals 81 00:04:06,766 --> 00:04:09,333 who move across such large realms, 82 00:04:09,333 --> 00:04:11,166 and what can it teach us 83 00:04:11,166 --> 00:04:13,266 if we're trying to go to other galaxies 84 00:04:13,266 --> 00:04:15,833 and study other places? 85 00:04:15,833 --> 00:04:18,933 I've always enjoyed this view, this NASA view of our planet. 86 00:04:18,933 --> 00:04:21,866 I used it many times in a program called 87 00:04:21,866 --> 00:04:23,200 the Census of Marine Life. 88 00:04:23,200 --> 00:04:27,833 Perhaps our globe's largest program ever 89 00:04:27,833 --> 00:04:30,233 in the last decade 90 00:04:30,233 --> 00:04:33,100 to understand the biodiversity of our planet. 91 00:04:33,100 --> 00:04:35,900 I was fortunate enough to lead one of the projects 92 00:04:35,900 --> 00:04:38,033 called TOPP, 93 00:04:38,033 --> 00:04:42,166 and this enabled us to basically study large predators 94 00:04:42,166 --> 00:04:44,966 as they moved across the Pacific Ocean, 95 00:04:44,966 --> 00:04:46,700 the largest ocean on the planet. 96 00:04:46,700 --> 00:04:49,333 So the dots that you'll see on maps today 97 00:04:49,333 --> 00:04:50,633 represent where animals go. 98 00:04:50,633 --> 00:04:53,500 And part of the lesson today is how is it that 99 00:04:53,500 --> 00:04:56,500 we build the engineering devices that enable us 100 00:04:56,500 --> 00:04:59,300 to see where the fastest animals in the ocean go 101 00:04:59,300 --> 00:05:01,933 beneath the waves 102 00:05:01,933 --> 00:05:03,700 where you can't use radio signals? 103 00:05:03,700 --> 00:05:04,833 And I want you to be thinking about that 104 00:05:04,833 --> 00:05:08,733 because the challenge is great. 105 00:05:08,733 --> 00:05:11,833 So up until recently, our view of our own planet-- 106 00:05:11,833 --> 00:05:16,000 coming from this institution too--was one in which 107 00:05:16,000 --> 00:05:18,400 all we could do was see the surface. 108 00:05:18,400 --> 00:05:21,800 We didn't really see beneath the sea, 109 00:05:21,800 --> 00:05:24,900 and the level of spending that we do to understand our planet 110 00:05:24,900 --> 00:05:27,833 isn't high enough to actually ensure 111 00:05:27,833 --> 00:05:30,166 that the next generation of engineering tools, 112 00:05:30,166 --> 00:05:33,266 the next generation of computational tools, 113 00:05:33,266 --> 00:05:35,200 are getting into our ocean quick enough 114 00:05:35,200 --> 00:05:38,433 so we solve the major questions of our time. 115 00:05:38,433 --> 00:05:41,333 What's the ocean atmosphere interaction 116 00:05:41,333 --> 00:05:44,166 and how is it creating 117 00:05:44,166 --> 00:05:48,333 and impacting the change that we call climate? 118 00:05:48,333 --> 00:05:51,233 We have to separate the variability 119 00:05:51,233 --> 00:05:54,900 from the overall change that we know is occurring 120 00:05:54,900 --> 00:05:56,266 on this planet, 121 00:05:56,266 --> 00:05:59,600 and we haven't yet really spent the time, 122 00:05:59,600 --> 00:06:01,533 created the mathematics, 123 00:06:01,533 --> 00:06:03,500 created the tools that are allowing us 124 00:06:03,500 --> 00:06:06,966 to understand 2/3 of our planet Earth. 125 00:06:06,966 --> 00:06:09,766 So then add to that that researchers like myself 126 00:06:09,766 --> 00:06:12,633 want to study the animals who live in the planet, 127 00:06:12,633 --> 00:06:14,266 beneath the sea that's not transparent, 128 00:06:14,266 --> 00:06:17,200 and try to figure out how they work 129 00:06:17,200 --> 00:06:19,666 before it's too late for many of these populations 130 00:06:19,666 --> 00:06:23,100 because our appetite across the globe for sushi 131 00:06:23,100 --> 00:06:26,400 is actually threatening many populations of animals, 132 00:06:26,400 --> 00:06:28,533 such as tunas, in the sea. 133 00:06:28,533 --> 00:06:31,966 So I'd argue here at NASA 134 00:06:31,966 --> 00:06:33,466 that the most important thing we do 135 00:06:33,466 --> 00:06:35,333 in the next 100 years, 136 00:06:35,333 --> 00:06:38,100 the most important thing we're doing in the next 50 years 137 00:06:38,100 --> 00:06:41,100 is using some of the technology you're creating 138 00:06:41,100 --> 00:06:44,466 to go to other planets 139 00:06:44,466 --> 00:06:45,933 right here on Earth 140 00:06:45,933 --> 00:06:47,600 so that we can better understand 141 00:06:47,600 --> 00:06:49,600 how is it that we will know 142 00:06:49,600 --> 00:06:51,800 when our seascapes are changing, 143 00:06:51,800 --> 00:06:54,066 and what is it we should know 144 00:06:54,066 --> 00:06:57,266 to prevent having any big surprises happen 145 00:06:57,266 --> 00:06:59,000 on our planet? 146 00:06:59,000 --> 00:07:01,566 And we're going to tell you today, as oceanographers, 147 00:07:01,566 --> 00:07:04,300 it's not easy, 148 00:07:04,300 --> 00:07:07,300 and it requires a national commitment 149 00:07:07,300 --> 00:07:10,533 to oceans that we haven't yet seen. 150 00:07:12,066 --> 00:07:14,200 So I study big tunas. 151 00:07:14,200 --> 00:07:17,333 I became fascinated with tunas at the age of an intern 152 00:07:17,333 --> 00:07:19,000 in this room, 153 00:07:19,000 --> 00:07:22,633 a person who basically started as an intern 154 00:07:22,633 --> 00:07:25,533 in a laboratory at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 155 00:07:25,533 --> 00:07:28,233 and was fascinated because these are 156 00:07:28,233 --> 00:07:30,966 one of the few warm fish in the sea. 157 00:07:30,966 --> 00:07:33,600 They're endothermic, warm-bodied like we are. 158 00:07:33,600 --> 00:07:35,366 They're powerful animals 159 00:07:35,366 --> 00:07:38,233 that if you catch one at the end of a hook and line, 160 00:07:38,233 --> 00:07:42,000 you may be battling it for hours. 161 00:07:42,000 --> 00:07:44,200 So these Olympians are known across the planet 162 00:07:44,200 --> 00:07:46,400 to everybody else as sushi, all right? 163 00:07:46,400 --> 00:07:49,700 And the next time you have your sushi dinner or lunch, 164 00:07:49,700 --> 00:07:52,833 I want you to take a good look at that piece of red muscle, 165 00:07:52,833 --> 00:07:55,000 which is really white muscle, 166 00:07:55,000 --> 00:07:57,800 it looks red, and ask yourself, where did it come from? 167 00:07:57,800 --> 00:08:00,300 And then hopefully you'll share one of the lessons perhaps 168 00:08:00,300 --> 00:08:02,266 that you'll learn today. 169 00:08:02,266 --> 00:08:06,300 We've made it easy for all of you to see tunas 170 00:08:06,300 --> 00:08:08,100 just a hundred miles down the road 171 00:08:08,100 --> 00:08:09,666 at the Monterey Bay Aquarium, 172 00:08:09,666 --> 00:08:14,866 where behind a wall of very thick acrylic... 173 00:08:14,866 --> 00:08:17,400 we've got one of the largest displays 174 00:08:17,400 --> 00:08:20,166 of bluefin tuna from the Pacific, 175 00:08:20,166 --> 00:08:22,466 an animal that's now being proposed 176 00:08:22,466 --> 00:08:25,533 for an ESA, an Endangered Species Act, listing 177 00:08:25,533 --> 00:08:28,333 here in North America. 178 00:08:28,333 --> 00:08:30,433 We've also had, in the past-- [clears throat] 179 00:08:30,433 --> 00:08:32,033 Excuse me-- 180 00:08:32,033 --> 00:08:33,600 white sharks. 181 00:08:33,600 --> 00:08:35,500 We're the only aquarium 182 00:08:35,500 --> 00:08:37,766 that's been able to keep alive 183 00:08:37,766 --> 00:08:40,000 young white sharks in captivity. 184 00:08:40,000 --> 00:08:42,800 So what's the importance of having tunas and white sharks 185 00:08:42,800 --> 00:08:44,700 behind glass? 186 00:08:44,700 --> 00:08:48,066 Well, the first thing is if you look at this animal moving 187 00:08:48,066 --> 00:08:50,233 and perhaps... can we bring the lights down at all 188 00:08:50,233 --> 00:08:54,300 so that we can see the ocean a little better? 189 00:08:54,300 --> 00:08:56,866 You'd be interested to know that from a Navy perspective, 190 00:08:56,866 --> 00:08:58,500 tunas are quite interesting. 191 00:08:58,500 --> 00:09:01,833 They're one of the most fusiform shapes in the sea. 192 00:09:01,833 --> 00:09:03,266 They have the lowest coefficient of drag 193 00:09:03,266 --> 00:09:05,200 that you'll ever find in nature. 194 00:09:05,200 --> 00:09:07,233 And we're interested in how everything from their skin 195 00:09:07,233 --> 00:09:09,233 to their biomechanics 196 00:09:09,233 --> 00:09:11,766 is uniquely formed 197 00:09:11,766 --> 00:09:14,066 morphologically and physiologically 198 00:09:14,066 --> 00:09:17,266 to help enhance these animals as they cross the oceans. 199 00:09:17,266 --> 00:09:19,666 We only just, in the past year, 200 00:09:19,666 --> 00:09:24,000 were able to put a camera that, working with a company, 201 00:09:24,000 --> 00:09:27,800 we've helped to engineer to do exactly what we want on a tuna 202 00:09:27,800 --> 00:09:30,566 so that we can watch the flip of its tail 203 00:09:30,566 --> 00:09:32,400 as it goes behind the sea. 204 00:09:32,400 --> 00:09:36,000 How this animal creates vorticity may be a secret 205 00:09:36,000 --> 00:09:38,700 of how the most efficient machines on the planet, 206 00:09:38,700 --> 00:09:41,333 if they were in the ocean, should be moving. 207 00:09:41,333 --> 00:09:44,133 All right, these are animals who cross tens of thousands 208 00:09:44,133 --> 00:09:47,966 of nautical miles in a year 209 00:09:47,966 --> 00:09:49,800 in the ocean. 210 00:09:49,800 --> 00:09:52,000 So my real fascination is 211 00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:54,633 what makes the Olympian so unique, the tuna? 212 00:09:54,633 --> 00:09:57,200 I don't want to give that lecture today 213 00:09:57,200 --> 00:09:59,200 but I've just left you with a few thoughts. 214 00:09:59,200 --> 00:10:01,866 They're actually moving like a kangaroo. 215 00:10:01,866 --> 00:10:04,366 A kangaroo bounces, stores elastic energy, 216 00:10:04,366 --> 00:10:08,800 and then hops again at an almost free energetic cost. 217 00:10:08,800 --> 00:10:12,266 A tuna bends its tail, stretching elastic tendons, 218 00:10:12,266 --> 00:10:13,900 as we've been learning, 219 00:10:13,900 --> 00:10:16,266 and actually can bring its tail back to its center position 220 00:10:16,266 --> 00:10:20,133 without much muscular energy being utilized. 221 00:10:20,133 --> 00:10:22,800 If we could make an autonomous vehicle 222 00:10:22,800 --> 00:10:25,700 that's using the biomechanics of a tuna, 223 00:10:25,700 --> 00:10:28,300 we might be able to go places further. 224 00:10:28,300 --> 00:10:30,100 These animals are powered, 225 00:10:30,100 --> 00:10:32,933 as that infrared image shows you its heat, 226 00:10:32,933 --> 00:10:34,866 by warm muscles, 227 00:10:34,866 --> 00:10:37,500 and it helps us understand the mechanical advantages 228 00:10:37,500 --> 00:10:39,666 really of being warm. 229 00:10:39,666 --> 00:10:42,466 But when it comes to understanding a tuna's journey 230 00:10:42,466 --> 00:10:44,800 beneath the sea, as I've said, they're difficult to study, 231 00:10:44,800 --> 00:10:47,266 that's why we know so little up until recently. 232 00:10:47,266 --> 00:10:48,633 They're highly migratory. 233 00:10:48,633 --> 00:10:52,833 A single tuna will be born in the seas off Japan, 234 00:10:52,833 --> 00:10:56,333 in its lifetime swim over to Mexico, 235 00:10:56,333 --> 00:10:59,033 spend four years here in California waters 236 00:10:59,033 --> 00:11:02,100 swimming north and south between California and Mexico, 237 00:11:02,100 --> 00:11:05,966 go back to Japan, and then take a post-spawning migration 238 00:11:05,966 --> 00:11:07,433 down to New Zealand and come back. 239 00:11:07,433 --> 00:11:11,433 Largest life history of any fish we know in the sea. 240 00:11:11,433 --> 00:11:13,433 How can we study that? 241 00:11:13,433 --> 00:11:15,700 So in our field, there's been a push 242 00:11:15,700 --> 00:11:18,966 towards small, miniature electronic devices 243 00:11:18,966 --> 00:11:21,266 that we can put on the animals. 244 00:11:21,266 --> 00:11:24,500 There's been a push towards using genomics 245 00:11:24,500 --> 00:11:27,366 and chemical markers, these would be elements in the animal 246 00:11:27,366 --> 00:11:28,733 that tell us where it's been. 247 00:11:28,733 --> 00:11:30,866 Has it been off the waters of Fukushima? 248 00:11:30,866 --> 00:11:33,566 And then come on over, we can actually measure that, 249 00:11:33,566 --> 00:11:36,833 and then we can begin to put together the migrations. 250 00:11:36,833 --> 00:11:38,066 And there's a lot of novel techniques 251 00:11:38,066 --> 00:11:40,300 in the last few years that have developed, 252 00:11:40,300 --> 00:11:42,133 but overall, these fields aren't well-funded, 253 00:11:42,133 --> 00:11:44,433 and so knowing simple questions, 254 00:11:44,433 --> 00:11:46,766 like how many white sharks there are in the sea, 255 00:11:46,766 --> 00:11:48,766 how many are there off California, 256 00:11:48,766 --> 00:11:51,933 how big is the spawning population of bluefin 257 00:11:51,933 --> 00:11:53,866 left in the Pacific Ocean? 258 00:11:53,866 --> 00:11:56,100 These are not easy-to-answer questions. 259 00:11:56,100 --> 00:11:58,500 They require interdisciplinary science 260 00:11:58,500 --> 00:12:01,366 of ocean science, satellite oceanography, 261 00:12:01,366 --> 00:12:05,300 electronic tagging, and computational mathematics 262 00:12:05,300 --> 00:12:08,300 to help put together models of how many animals there are. 263 00:12:09,500 --> 00:12:11,866 So certainly, you won't forget this, 264 00:12:11,866 --> 00:12:14,466 that the next time you go over the Golden Gate Bridge, 265 00:12:14,466 --> 00:12:18,366 let me be the first to tell you that our research has shown 266 00:12:18,366 --> 00:12:21,400 that white sharks are crossing beneath you 267 00:12:21,400 --> 00:12:24,833 and moving in to the San Francisco Bay, all right? 268 00:12:24,833 --> 00:12:28,300 So we know this primarily from electronic tags, 269 00:12:28,300 --> 00:12:31,266 but when you see across the bridge into the surface, 270 00:12:31,266 --> 00:12:33,100 you hardly know what's happening beneath you. 271 00:12:33,100 --> 00:12:35,200 We know from electronic tags, 272 00:12:35,200 --> 00:12:37,100 and I'm just giving an overview at this point, 273 00:12:37,100 --> 00:12:39,233 that we can see in the white dots 274 00:12:39,233 --> 00:12:41,766 from satellite tags--I'll explain how they work shortly-- 275 00:12:41,766 --> 00:12:44,500 we can see where a white shark goes 276 00:12:44,500 --> 00:12:46,866 and the only boundaries for its protection 277 00:12:46,866 --> 00:12:49,233 are the green areas barely visible on the map. 278 00:12:49,233 --> 00:12:52,333 Those would be sanctuaries and reserves. 279 00:12:52,333 --> 00:12:55,233 And you're looking at 1/3, if you will, 280 00:12:55,233 --> 00:12:58,200 of the Pacific there, from our shores to Hawaii. 281 00:12:58,200 --> 00:13:01,133 And the black areas are EEZs. 282 00:13:01,133 --> 00:13:03,600 So a white shark, if we're asking, 283 00:13:03,600 --> 00:13:06,533 is this an animal that has any protection? 284 00:13:06,533 --> 00:13:09,000 It's an animal that's listed at the highest levels 285 00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:12,066 of being concerned. 286 00:13:12,066 --> 00:13:14,033 It's really got this huge open space 287 00:13:14,033 --> 00:13:15,600 where it roams. 288 00:13:15,600 --> 00:13:19,500 And these open spaces we've only just been studying. 289 00:13:19,500 --> 00:13:21,766 So this is tracks from our satellite tags 290 00:13:21,766 --> 00:13:24,966 I'll be talking about in which a white shark is moving 291 00:13:24,966 --> 00:13:27,366 from California to a center place 292 00:13:27,366 --> 00:13:30,400 halfway between Hawaii and California, 293 00:13:30,400 --> 00:13:32,200 a place we call the White Shark Café. 294 00:13:32,200 --> 00:13:34,633 And these places weren't even known 295 00:13:34,633 --> 00:13:36,733 less than a decade ago. 296 00:13:36,733 --> 00:13:38,900 All of the North American white sharks 297 00:13:38,900 --> 00:13:41,333 gather in a single place, 298 00:13:41,333 --> 00:13:44,166 and this single place we've never been to 299 00:13:44,166 --> 00:13:45,866 but we know it exists, 300 00:13:45,866 --> 00:13:48,533 and we want to know why. 301 00:13:48,533 --> 00:13:50,700 We want to know why because that's a picture 302 00:13:50,700 --> 00:13:52,566 that has been generated 303 00:13:52,566 --> 00:13:55,133 through listening to the radio signals of AIS, 304 00:13:55,133 --> 00:13:59,233 that's what we use on ships to avoid collisions. 305 00:13:59,233 --> 00:14:02,866 Our collaborators at Google and SkyTruth 306 00:14:02,866 --> 00:14:05,666 have created a program called 307 00:14:05,666 --> 00:14:07,400 Global FishWatch. 308 00:14:07,400 --> 00:14:09,200 That's human beings. We're predators. 309 00:14:09,200 --> 00:14:10,533 That's where we are. 310 00:14:10,533 --> 00:14:13,766 This is just the fishing human beings with AIS. 311 00:14:13,766 --> 00:14:16,300 And right in the café we've got an area 312 00:14:16,300 --> 00:14:19,733 that humans are actually interacting within. 313 00:14:19,733 --> 00:14:21,466 So we're concerned that no matter what we do 314 00:14:21,466 --> 00:14:23,533 for white sharks on our coast, 315 00:14:23,533 --> 00:14:26,966 if we have this human predation situation, 316 00:14:26,966 --> 00:14:29,400 this is all sort of the wild west of where humans are 317 00:14:29,400 --> 00:14:30,666 on our planet, 318 00:14:30,666 --> 00:14:34,066 we might have a problem conserving these animals 319 00:14:34,066 --> 00:14:37,066 if we can't actually keep track of who's there. 320 00:14:38,533 --> 00:14:42,066 I also do what some of you do here at NASA at Ames, 321 00:14:42,066 --> 00:14:45,033 I'm actually a card-carrying animal physiologist. 322 00:14:45,033 --> 00:14:47,200 That's what I teach at Stanford. 323 00:14:47,200 --> 00:14:49,366 I'm interested in how an organism works 324 00:14:49,366 --> 00:14:52,100 from its genes to its environment. 325 00:14:52,100 --> 00:14:54,900 I'm interested primarily in the cardiac physiology 326 00:14:54,900 --> 00:14:57,966 of how the Olympic athlete, the tuna, works. 327 00:14:57,966 --> 00:15:01,133 I think as a nation we're not really considering enough, 328 00:15:01,133 --> 00:15:04,833 if we really are headed towards this warming world, 329 00:15:04,833 --> 00:15:09,000 what will be the impact on mammals such as ourselves? 330 00:15:09,000 --> 00:15:11,466 I study what the impact is on fish, 331 00:15:11,466 --> 00:15:14,800 and what we're learning is that the atrium of our hearts 332 00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:18,566 is actually a very sensitive organ. 333 00:15:18,566 --> 00:15:21,533 All right, so what we can learn from studying fish physiology 334 00:15:21,533 --> 00:15:24,500 can teach us about what's happening in the world around us 335 00:15:24,500 --> 00:15:27,233 of humans, of polar bears, 336 00:15:27,233 --> 00:15:31,100 all from studying an Olympic heart of a tuna. 337 00:15:31,100 --> 00:15:34,600 We do this by having unusual facilities in Monterey 338 00:15:34,600 --> 00:15:36,300 in back of the Monterey Bay Aquarium. 339 00:15:36,300 --> 00:15:39,733 At Stanford University, we've got treadmills 340 00:15:39,733 --> 00:15:41,500 that allows us to put fish 341 00:15:41,500 --> 00:15:45,233 inside the flume and ask the question, 342 00:15:45,233 --> 00:15:47,266 what's it like to swim to Japan? 343 00:15:47,266 --> 00:15:50,700 And we can find out how these animals operate. 344 00:15:50,700 --> 00:15:53,100 We can work with our friends from ONR, 345 00:15:53,100 --> 00:15:56,033 instrument the animals all along their bodies 346 00:15:56,033 --> 00:15:58,333 or make models and instrument them, 347 00:15:58,333 --> 00:16:00,833 and try to learn the secrets of how, when they swim, 348 00:16:00,833 --> 00:16:04,100 they actually keep flow laminar across most of their body 349 00:16:04,100 --> 00:16:06,500 in a way that's extraordinarily unique. 350 00:16:06,500 --> 00:16:10,266 And then we can build AUVs or automated vehicles that-- 351 00:16:10,266 --> 00:16:14,700 that use these principles in the mechanical design. 352 00:16:14,700 --> 00:16:17,900 And then most important, even for a mission to Mars, 353 00:16:17,900 --> 00:16:19,866 we have to, as physiologists, 354 00:16:19,866 --> 00:16:21,233 work together to understand 355 00:16:21,233 --> 00:16:23,800 what is resilience in the physiological system? 356 00:16:23,800 --> 00:16:26,500 What is it that we need to be paying attention to 357 00:16:26,500 --> 00:16:29,066 in a warming sea or a cooling sea? 358 00:16:29,066 --> 00:16:32,033 What do you need to be paying attention to 359 00:16:32,033 --> 00:16:34,866 for an organism that has to travel a long distance 360 00:16:34,866 --> 00:16:37,433 without much gravity? 361 00:16:37,433 --> 00:16:40,166 And we are at the cutting edge 362 00:16:40,166 --> 00:16:42,866 of trying to figure out what are the tools of genomics 363 00:16:42,866 --> 00:16:45,333 that can teach us the clear signals 364 00:16:45,333 --> 00:16:47,966 we should be watching for in our organelles 365 00:16:47,966 --> 00:16:51,833 as we look for these changes that we call adaptation 366 00:16:51,833 --> 00:16:55,000 or resilience to warming seas. 367 00:16:55,000 --> 00:16:57,500 It's hard to focus on the individual organism 368 00:16:57,500 --> 00:17:00,133 when we really have this collective planet, 369 00:17:00,133 --> 00:17:02,166 this planet that all of us in this room 370 00:17:02,166 --> 00:17:03,166 need to be thinking about 371 00:17:03,166 --> 00:17:05,033 which is undergoing 372 00:17:05,033 --> 00:17:07,600 extraordinary physiological changes, 373 00:17:07,600 --> 00:17:10,800 but we've only just begun to develop the monitoring system 374 00:17:10,800 --> 00:17:14,200 to keep our eyes on what's happening. 375 00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:16,733 This ocean is warming 376 00:17:16,733 --> 00:17:18,200 along with the planet. 377 00:17:18,200 --> 00:17:20,600 Perhaps less understood 378 00:17:20,600 --> 00:17:23,366 is the fact it's deoxygenating. 379 00:17:23,366 --> 00:17:27,100 This ocean that gave rise to all of life on this planet 380 00:17:27,100 --> 00:17:31,000 is losing its oxygen as the physics of warming happens. 381 00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:34,800 And then the most concerning aspect of the oceans 382 00:17:34,800 --> 00:17:38,200 is as it buffers this planet, the CO2 that's being absorbed, 383 00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:41,366 we're getting an increase of acidity. 384 00:17:41,366 --> 00:17:44,266 The physiology of Earth 385 00:17:44,266 --> 00:17:47,666 may be the most important thing that we're studying right now, 386 00:17:47,666 --> 00:17:49,800 and yet the NASA budget probably doesn't have 387 00:17:49,800 --> 00:17:52,533 a whole lot in it for this particular enterprise. 388 00:17:52,533 --> 00:17:54,300 All right? 389 00:17:54,300 --> 00:17:56,333 This is really our future, 390 00:17:56,333 --> 00:17:58,933 this planet. 391 00:17:58,933 --> 00:18:02,733 Our planet is a planet in which climate change is real 392 00:18:02,733 --> 00:18:05,600 and it's happening and we can measure it in the seas. 393 00:18:05,600 --> 00:18:08,333 And our planet is a planet in which humans 394 00:18:08,333 --> 00:18:12,033 across this planet are taking the sharks and the tunas, 395 00:18:12,033 --> 00:18:15,500 all of the large predators, out at an alarming rate 396 00:18:15,500 --> 00:18:18,566 and despite enormous efforts of good management 397 00:18:18,566 --> 00:18:20,233 here in our nation, 398 00:18:20,233 --> 00:18:22,433 we still have to actually deal with the fact 399 00:18:22,433 --> 00:18:26,266 that much of the problems are in unregulated seas. 400 00:18:26,266 --> 00:18:28,000 So predators are in decline 401 00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:30,600 and when you put a long line in to capture a tuna 402 00:18:30,600 --> 00:18:33,733 or a shark, it often captures a leatherback-- 403 00:18:33,733 --> 00:18:36,633 every species of turtle on this planet 404 00:18:36,633 --> 00:18:38,833 that's a marine turtle is endangered-- 405 00:18:38,833 --> 00:18:41,966 an albatross, or many other species. 406 00:18:41,966 --> 00:18:44,400 This happens because of our appetite on this planet 407 00:18:44,400 --> 00:18:46,533 for sushi and tuna, all right? 408 00:18:46,533 --> 00:18:49,333 We're at a point where there's 7 billion people 409 00:18:49,333 --> 00:18:51,566 headed to potentially 8 or 9, 410 00:18:51,566 --> 00:18:53,600 and now that tuna stocks are down, 411 00:18:53,600 --> 00:18:56,766 sharks are becoming a targeted species. 412 00:18:56,766 --> 00:19:00,266 I like to remind myself that all of this happened 413 00:19:00,266 --> 00:19:01,300 in my lifetime. 414 00:19:01,300 --> 00:19:03,766 When I was born 415 00:19:03,766 --> 00:19:05,800 and the Apollo missions were happening, 416 00:19:05,800 --> 00:19:08,033 our oceans were virgin places, 417 00:19:08,033 --> 00:19:10,566 barely understood. 418 00:19:10,566 --> 00:19:13,166 I was drawn into Woods Hole Oceanographic, 419 00:19:13,166 --> 00:19:15,100 like many of you to exploration, 420 00:19:15,100 --> 00:19:18,266 because of the enormous excitement around discovery 421 00:19:18,266 --> 00:19:19,833 of the vents. 422 00:19:19,833 --> 00:19:24,366 And the 50 years of this lifetime my own, 423 00:19:24,366 --> 00:19:27,933 is the 50 years that a lot of the challenges 424 00:19:27,933 --> 00:19:29,866 that we're facing on this planet 425 00:19:29,866 --> 00:19:31,933 at the level of Earth have happened. 426 00:19:31,933 --> 00:19:33,766 And so the optimism in the room 427 00:19:33,766 --> 00:19:35,333 is that we have such great young people, 428 00:19:35,333 --> 00:19:38,800 great universities, and that we have to come up with solutions 429 00:19:38,800 --> 00:19:42,466 that are based in new technologies. 430 00:19:42,466 --> 00:19:44,533 Let me just give you one last glimpse of this. 431 00:19:44,533 --> 00:19:49,066 This is the Atlantic Ocean, number of hooks. 432 00:19:49,066 --> 00:19:50,633 This is when I was born. 433 00:19:50,633 --> 00:19:52,966 This is Japan and other nations exploring 434 00:19:52,966 --> 00:19:55,733 what it would be like to set hooks in log scale. 435 00:19:55,733 --> 00:19:58,233 Hot color would be lots of hooks. 436 00:19:58,233 --> 00:20:00,866 This is when I went to-- 437 00:20:00,866 --> 00:20:03,800 I guess I must have graduated from high school. 438 00:20:03,800 --> 00:20:06,833 This is graduating from college, 439 00:20:06,833 --> 00:20:08,833 red areas being very hot. 440 00:20:08,833 --> 00:20:11,766 And then this is when I came to Stanford. 441 00:20:11,766 --> 00:20:15,100 And now, after being a professor. 442 00:20:15,100 --> 00:20:18,333 So when we see these pictures, 443 00:20:18,333 --> 00:20:20,933 what they represent are hundreds of thousands of hooks 444 00:20:20,933 --> 00:20:24,666 in five-by-five blocks being set across the planet. 445 00:20:24,666 --> 00:20:27,733 And because it's out of sight and out of mind, 446 00:20:27,733 --> 00:20:29,566 maybe a tuna might sell for a million dollars 447 00:20:29,566 --> 00:20:31,433 and you'll hear about it. 448 00:20:31,433 --> 00:20:33,600 That's not what most tunas sell for. 449 00:20:33,600 --> 00:20:36,266 But it really is amazing 450 00:20:36,266 --> 00:20:40,966 how much of the planetary organismal fish 451 00:20:40,966 --> 00:20:42,800 and sharks get removed and nobody really 452 00:20:42,800 --> 00:20:43,833 pays attention to it. 453 00:20:43,833 --> 00:20:45,500 All right? 454 00:20:45,500 --> 00:20:47,100 So we don't want our kids to grow up in an ocean, 455 00:20:47,100 --> 00:20:50,033 as Daniel Pauly says, in which we're fishing down 456 00:20:50,033 --> 00:20:51,533 the marine food chain 457 00:20:51,533 --> 00:20:53,800 and that jellyfish will be the future. 458 00:20:53,800 --> 00:20:56,000 We want an ocean with healthy ecosystems. 459 00:20:56,000 --> 00:20:58,666 So to have an ocean with healthy ecosystems 460 00:20:58,666 --> 00:21:01,400 means we have to build the technologies of today 461 00:21:01,400 --> 00:21:03,866 that will take us into our oceans 462 00:21:03,866 --> 00:21:06,500 and allow us to see what's happening, 463 00:21:06,500 --> 00:21:08,833 a reef that's changing its acidity, 464 00:21:08,833 --> 00:21:11,966 a shark population that's being overfished. 465 00:21:13,466 --> 00:21:16,633 We have to use the new tools that we have around us 466 00:21:16,633 --> 00:21:21,333 in ways that are, really, ways they haven't been used. 467 00:21:21,333 --> 00:21:23,300 And so my community of scientists 468 00:21:23,300 --> 00:21:25,100 have responded to this challenge, 469 00:21:25,100 --> 00:21:27,233 first, for the interest in physiology, 470 00:21:27,233 --> 00:21:30,366 but then, because of the conservation need. 471 00:21:30,366 --> 00:21:32,433 So we call the area of biologging, 472 00:21:32,433 --> 00:21:36,366 the area of being able to take data and telemetry it back, 473 00:21:36,366 --> 00:21:39,933 an area that, certainly, NASA created without question. 474 00:21:39,933 --> 00:21:42,933 I can still remember being in my car 475 00:21:42,933 --> 00:21:44,633 and hearing about an astronaut 476 00:21:44,633 --> 00:21:47,033 who was having its body temperature monitored 477 00:21:47,033 --> 00:21:48,400 and telemetered home, 478 00:21:48,400 --> 00:21:49,700 and I remember thinking to myself, 479 00:21:49,700 --> 00:21:51,233 gee, I'd like to do that in a tuna fish. 480 00:21:51,233 --> 00:21:53,966 I want to measure when a tuna eats a meal 481 00:21:53,966 --> 00:21:56,800 and learn in the tank exactly when it happens. 482 00:21:56,800 --> 00:22:00,466 So we've been building tags with companies for a long time, 483 00:22:00,466 --> 00:22:02,233 and these tags, which you might think of 484 00:22:02,233 --> 00:22:06,433 are fish-and-chips type of activity, 485 00:22:06,433 --> 00:22:07,700 they're helping us understand 486 00:22:07,700 --> 00:22:10,366 where everything goes in the sea. 487 00:22:10,366 --> 00:22:12,833 And to take back our seas, 488 00:22:12,833 --> 00:22:14,800 we're even imagining a day soon 489 00:22:14,800 --> 00:22:18,500 when chips on fish will allow us to catch the poachers. 490 00:22:19,600 --> 00:22:21,766 The bigger challenge we face, 491 00:22:21,766 --> 00:22:23,566 and this is one of my favorite images of Earth-- 492 00:22:23,566 --> 00:22:26,600 it's a SeaWiFS satellite image-- 493 00:22:26,600 --> 00:22:29,133 is we don't entirely understand how the ecosystems 494 00:22:29,133 --> 00:22:32,500 that these animals live in actually operate. 495 00:22:32,500 --> 00:22:34,666 So when we look at a picture of Earth-- 496 00:22:34,666 --> 00:22:37,666 let's see if I can get the laser pointer working. 497 00:22:39,333 --> 00:22:41,200 We see this gorgeous picture 498 00:22:41,200 --> 00:22:44,466 in which the green is the pastures of our oceans, 499 00:22:44,466 --> 00:22:46,500 the blue is the deserts, 500 00:22:46,500 --> 00:22:48,400 and until I saw that image, 501 00:22:48,400 --> 00:22:50,566 I had learned everything in a textbook about oceans, 502 00:22:50,566 --> 00:22:53,666 but then I saw our planet and I realized how it really works. 503 00:22:53,666 --> 00:22:55,333 Here are the big gyres, 504 00:22:55,333 --> 00:22:57,200 where you might not want to go if you're feeding, 505 00:22:57,200 --> 00:22:58,866 and you begin to understand why fisheries 506 00:22:58,866 --> 00:23:01,933 happen along our coastlines. 507 00:23:03,533 --> 00:23:05,133 We have the satellite imagery 508 00:23:05,133 --> 00:23:07,533 but why is it we don't know where carnivores go 509 00:23:07,533 --> 00:23:09,166 in the ocean? 510 00:23:09,166 --> 00:23:11,100 Why is it that all of you can close your eyes 511 00:23:11,100 --> 00:23:13,500 and really imagine what it's like when a white shark-- 512 00:23:13,500 --> 00:23:16,833 excuse me, when a lion takes down its prey, 513 00:23:16,833 --> 00:23:18,400 but it's a little harder for a tuna, 514 00:23:18,400 --> 00:23:19,833 a little easier for a white shark 515 00:23:19,833 --> 00:23:22,433 because of Shark Week. 516 00:23:22,433 --> 00:23:24,666 We don't know the basics, though. 517 00:23:24,666 --> 00:23:26,000 We know how many lions there are, 518 00:23:26,000 --> 00:23:27,266 how many giraffes there are. 519 00:23:27,266 --> 00:23:29,466 We know we're losing elephants and rhinos. 520 00:23:29,466 --> 00:23:32,033 And we know the disastrous situation for many animals 521 00:23:32,033 --> 00:23:36,100 in the African plains and the Serengeti, 522 00:23:36,100 --> 00:23:38,100 but we don't really understand the answers 523 00:23:38,100 --> 00:23:41,366 to those questions for tunas and sharks. 524 00:23:41,366 --> 00:23:43,933 We barely understand what's going on in Monterey 525 00:23:43,933 --> 00:23:45,866 on a summer afternoon. 526 00:23:45,866 --> 00:23:47,833 Cloudy as could be all summer there. 527 00:23:47,833 --> 00:23:50,433 We, as oceanographers, have begun to figure it out. 528 00:23:50,433 --> 00:23:52,966 We know that the winds of spring, 529 00:23:52,966 --> 00:23:56,500 the northwest winds that are so strong in spring, 530 00:23:56,500 --> 00:23:59,833 are creating upwelling, bringing up the nutrient-rich water 531 00:23:59,833 --> 00:24:02,733 that then seeds the pastures of summer. 532 00:24:02,733 --> 00:24:05,233 And that would be the phytoplankton 533 00:24:05,233 --> 00:24:07,033 that then draws in the krill 534 00:24:07,033 --> 00:24:09,166 that then brings the anchovy 535 00:24:09,166 --> 00:24:11,466 or the sardine 536 00:24:11,466 --> 00:24:13,666 and then brings in the blue whale, the humpback, 537 00:24:13,666 --> 00:24:16,200 and the bluefin tuna. 538 00:24:16,200 --> 00:24:19,200 We barely understand, until our tagging program, 539 00:24:19,200 --> 00:24:21,700 where the places, like for wildebeest are, 540 00:24:21,700 --> 00:24:24,000 in which there might be a long migration 541 00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:26,400 or how the seasonal migrations of the Serengeti 542 00:24:26,400 --> 00:24:28,866 might work at an ocean scale 543 00:24:28,866 --> 00:24:30,700 and who'd be at the watering hole. 544 00:24:30,700 --> 00:24:33,033 And it wasn't until 2002 that we began 545 00:24:33,033 --> 00:24:36,900 actually putting the first electronics on a bluefin tuna 546 00:24:36,900 --> 00:24:39,733 who might swim from our side back to Japan 547 00:24:39,733 --> 00:24:41,633 and down to New Zealand and back 548 00:24:41,633 --> 00:24:45,166 and hope that we might see that tag again. 549 00:24:45,166 --> 00:24:48,133 All right, so the challenge is not only in the electronics 550 00:24:48,133 --> 00:24:50,666 but it's also in the challenge of 551 00:24:50,666 --> 00:24:53,533 how do you put things on large objects 552 00:24:53,533 --> 00:24:56,166 that move through a fluid medium that has a lot of salt? 553 00:24:56,166 --> 00:24:57,800 And how do you keep the engineering going? 554 00:24:57,800 --> 00:25:00,600 Or how, like my colleagues in TOPP, 555 00:25:00,600 --> 00:25:03,533 Dr. Bruce Mate from Oregon State University, 556 00:25:03,533 --> 00:25:06,166 how do you go up to a blue whale 557 00:25:06,166 --> 00:25:08,500 and put an electronic tag on a blue whale? 558 00:25:08,500 --> 00:25:10,800 And then how do you take all of this 559 00:25:10,800 --> 00:25:13,933 and put it in a context of a moving fluid 560 00:25:13,933 --> 00:25:17,833 that changes at both seasonal and decadal scales 561 00:25:17,833 --> 00:25:21,566 and tell a story about how our planet Earth functions? 562 00:25:23,333 --> 00:25:26,133 So you begin by building a tuna center, 563 00:25:26,133 --> 00:25:27,766 which we did in 1994, 564 00:25:27,766 --> 00:25:29,933 with the Monterey Bay Aquarium in Stanford, 565 00:25:29,933 --> 00:25:32,366 and then you have to convince your colleagues, 566 00:25:32,366 --> 00:25:34,933 your engineers, that this is an exciting area. 567 00:25:34,933 --> 00:25:38,566 It's not the most well-funded part of our science stream, 568 00:25:38,566 --> 00:25:41,033 but what we began doing, 569 00:25:41,033 --> 00:25:43,333 partnering with the Navy 570 00:25:43,333 --> 00:25:44,900 and NOAA 571 00:25:44,900 --> 00:25:47,733 and many different funding streams under NOPP, 572 00:25:47,733 --> 00:25:49,866 is we began building the instruments we needed 573 00:25:49,866 --> 00:25:51,566 to put on the animals 574 00:25:51,566 --> 00:25:53,700 that we could measure what's happening in the ocean. 575 00:25:55,266 --> 00:25:58,833 My favorite instrument that we spent a lot of time building 576 00:25:58,833 --> 00:26:00,600 is called an archival tag. 577 00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:02,300 It's simply a computer. 578 00:26:02,300 --> 00:26:05,366 I'd say it has the most sensitive light sensor 579 00:26:05,366 --> 00:26:06,966 on the planet. 580 00:26:06,966 --> 00:26:10,066 It's arguable, but it's a nine-decade light sensor, 581 00:26:10,066 --> 00:26:13,066 has oceanographic quality temperature and pressure. 582 00:26:13,066 --> 00:26:15,900 It goes into a fish surgically. 583 00:26:15,900 --> 00:26:17,200 The fish carries it in the ocean, 584 00:26:17,200 --> 00:26:20,233 and we want to get it back up to six years later, 585 00:26:20,233 --> 00:26:21,800 that's what we're doing right now, 586 00:26:21,800 --> 00:26:24,100 and tell the journey that fish took. 587 00:26:24,100 --> 00:26:25,466 How do we do that? 588 00:26:25,466 --> 00:26:28,000 Well, we have to depend upon humans to get it back. 589 00:26:28,000 --> 00:26:29,666 That's not always a good thing to depend upon. 590 00:26:29,666 --> 00:26:31,933 So there's a fishery, targeted fishery, 591 00:26:31,933 --> 00:26:34,066 in which there's about three or four languages on the tag. 592 00:26:34,066 --> 00:26:36,900 It says return the tag, return the computer, 593 00:26:36,900 --> 00:26:38,400 and if you get it back, 594 00:26:38,400 --> 00:26:40,266 we're able, underneath the sea, 595 00:26:40,266 --> 00:26:42,133 to draw a map of a fish that was tagged here 596 00:26:42,133 --> 00:26:45,233 went up the coast, moved offshore once, 597 00:26:45,233 --> 00:26:46,900 all the way back again, 598 00:26:46,900 --> 00:26:48,733 and then went back to Japan and got caught. 599 00:26:48,733 --> 00:26:50,866 So how did we do that? 600 00:26:50,866 --> 00:26:53,166 We did it using the mathematics 601 00:26:53,166 --> 00:26:56,000 that was invested in astronomy 602 00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:58,066 and sailing from a long time ago, 603 00:26:58,066 --> 00:27:00,266 and that is if I have an accurate clock, 604 00:27:00,266 --> 00:27:02,133 not an easy thing to build and keep in a tuna, 605 00:27:02,133 --> 00:27:04,466 and I have photons, 606 00:27:04,466 --> 00:27:06,866 I can measure sunrise and sunset, 607 00:27:06,866 --> 00:27:09,766 and I can actually do mathematical algorithms 608 00:27:09,766 --> 00:27:12,066 that tell me where I am on the planet 609 00:27:12,066 --> 00:27:15,066 and correct for the diving fish. 610 00:27:15,066 --> 00:27:16,466 All right, so that's what we're doing. 611 00:27:16,466 --> 00:27:18,733 And that geo-location 612 00:27:18,733 --> 00:27:22,000 has now been put into a variety of tag types 613 00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:24,300 that sometimes you have to get back 614 00:27:24,300 --> 00:27:27,333 and at other times you can actually pop it off the animal 615 00:27:27,333 --> 00:27:29,533 and get it back through satellite uplink. 616 00:27:29,533 --> 00:27:31,900 And I'm gonna tell you about a whole family of tags 617 00:27:31,900 --> 00:27:34,733 that engineers have built around the biologging community 618 00:27:34,733 --> 00:27:37,666 that have really led to a breakthrough 619 00:27:37,666 --> 00:27:39,700 in understanding where animals go. 620 00:27:39,700 --> 00:27:43,133 A second type of tag that happens in animal tagging 621 00:27:43,133 --> 00:27:44,500 is obvious to most people. 622 00:27:44,500 --> 00:27:46,700 You put a radio tag on the back of an animal. 623 00:27:46,700 --> 00:27:49,266 When it comes to the surface, it sends up its signal. 624 00:27:49,266 --> 00:27:51,800 But it's harder to put that on a fish 625 00:27:51,800 --> 00:27:53,400 'cause fish don't come to the surface. 626 00:27:53,400 --> 00:27:56,766 So we use pop-up satellite archival tags at the top. 627 00:27:56,766 --> 00:28:00,866 Sometimes we can take a dorsal fin of a shark 628 00:28:00,866 --> 00:28:03,300 and we can put a tag at the tip. 629 00:28:03,300 --> 00:28:05,233 We're only learning every day more and more 630 00:28:05,233 --> 00:28:06,600 about how to do this. 631 00:28:06,600 --> 00:28:09,000 We can send Argos satellite signals. 632 00:28:09,000 --> 00:28:11,000 We can now send GPS signals. 633 00:28:11,000 --> 00:28:13,233 We're only just, as a community, 634 00:28:13,233 --> 00:28:14,933 learning how to do that well. 635 00:28:14,933 --> 00:28:17,533 We helped to bring Fastloc technology 636 00:28:17,533 --> 00:28:21,666 from military applications into the marine realm 637 00:28:21,666 --> 00:28:23,666 because when an animal comes to the surface, 638 00:28:23,666 --> 00:28:25,066 like a whale, and goes... 639 00:28:25,066 --> 00:28:26,166 [breathes in and out] 640 00:28:26,166 --> 00:28:28,666 And gets a breath, or a pinniped, 641 00:28:28,666 --> 00:28:30,300 it's not there for very long. 642 00:28:30,300 --> 00:28:31,933 And so how long does it take 643 00:28:31,933 --> 00:28:34,966 to get a global satellite signal? 644 00:28:34,966 --> 00:28:37,600 A lot longer than a breathing whale at the surface 645 00:28:37,600 --> 00:28:40,033 or a shark who's finning. 646 00:28:40,033 --> 00:28:41,866 This is the first shark over the past year 647 00:28:41,866 --> 00:28:44,833 that we've put GPS at the tip of its dorsal fin, 648 00:28:44,833 --> 00:28:50,000 and what we're able to do is-- in tan is our Argos signal, 649 00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:51,433 and yellow is our GPS signal. 650 00:28:51,433 --> 00:28:53,233 I didn't put the geo-location signal, 651 00:28:53,233 --> 00:28:55,500 but we learned that, you know, we're doing pretty well 652 00:28:55,500 --> 00:28:57,866 with the methodologies we have 653 00:28:57,866 --> 00:29:00,300 and GPS is getting us somewhere there, 654 00:29:00,300 --> 00:29:02,400 but it's hard to get the signal off the animal. 655 00:29:02,400 --> 00:29:04,300 So these are the types of tags. 656 00:29:04,300 --> 00:29:06,200 The most complex tags we're doing right now 657 00:29:06,200 --> 00:29:08,500 are camera tags with magnetometers 658 00:29:08,500 --> 00:29:12,100 and accelerometers that tell us everything about pitch 659 00:29:12,100 --> 00:29:14,466 and speed underneath the sea. 660 00:29:14,466 --> 00:29:16,433 And we're trying to put these on tunas and sharks 661 00:29:16,433 --> 00:29:18,433 and find out how they work. 662 00:29:18,433 --> 00:29:20,266 But the most important thing we do 663 00:29:20,266 --> 00:29:22,433 is we get a lot of points about animals 664 00:29:22,433 --> 00:29:24,600 who are the most targeted animals on the planet, 665 00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:27,433 about 100,000 points from 2,000 days of tagging, 666 00:29:27,433 --> 00:29:30,866 huge amounts of effort catching each fish individually. 667 00:29:30,866 --> 00:29:33,966 And in the Pacific--I took this off the web this morning. 668 00:29:33,966 --> 00:29:36,900 There's-- this is from ten hours ago, 669 00:29:36,900 --> 00:29:38,933 it says, "Pacific bluefin tuna could become extinct 670 00:29:38,933 --> 00:29:40,333 without a fishing ban." 671 00:29:40,333 --> 00:29:42,633 All right, so the importance of this type of work 672 00:29:42,633 --> 00:29:45,666 is that without finding out what they do, 673 00:29:45,666 --> 00:29:47,566 we can't manage these animals. 674 00:29:47,566 --> 00:29:49,100 So I'm gonna give you a couple of examples. 675 00:29:49,100 --> 00:29:50,933 This is the Atlantic Ocean. 676 00:29:50,933 --> 00:29:55,400 60 nations are meeting next week in Europe, in Spain, 677 00:29:55,400 --> 00:29:57,733 to decide, how does the science support 678 00:29:57,733 --> 00:30:01,466 best splitting up the last tuna 679 00:30:01,466 --> 00:30:02,933 for the two different sides of the ocean, 680 00:30:02,933 --> 00:30:06,300 and how can we best manage what we hope is a recovery? 681 00:30:06,300 --> 00:30:07,900 So we have two populations 682 00:30:07,900 --> 00:30:10,666 that are thought to not cross the ocean originally, 683 00:30:10,666 --> 00:30:12,600 but now we've learned from tagging, they do. 684 00:30:12,600 --> 00:30:15,433 We manage the western side of the basin differently 685 00:30:15,433 --> 00:30:16,800 than the eastern side. 686 00:30:16,800 --> 00:30:19,300 We have a smaller stock in the west off North America, 687 00:30:19,300 --> 00:30:21,200 a larger stock in the Med. 688 00:30:21,200 --> 00:30:22,966 This is the American stock, 689 00:30:22,966 --> 00:30:24,700 so this is lots of breeding tunas. 690 00:30:24,700 --> 00:30:27,466 It declined long ago, 691 00:30:27,466 --> 00:30:29,866 hovering near its minimum down here. 692 00:30:29,866 --> 00:30:32,600 Maybe there's an uptick, but then we had a Gulf oil spill, 693 00:30:32,600 --> 00:30:35,333 and it's not really clear what's going on. 694 00:30:35,333 --> 00:30:36,933 So as I mentioned, 695 00:30:36,933 --> 00:30:39,900 we surgically put these tags into the tuna, 696 00:30:39,900 --> 00:30:41,366 we let them go, 697 00:30:41,366 --> 00:30:46,100 we mark the tuna with a small mark that's green 698 00:30:46,100 --> 00:30:49,333 that says if you return me, you'll get $1,000. 699 00:30:49,333 --> 00:30:51,866 And we get fishermen returning the tags, 700 00:30:51,866 --> 00:30:54,066 and when they return the big tunas, 701 00:30:54,066 --> 00:30:57,000 it's about 22% of our instruments come back, 702 00:30:57,000 --> 00:30:58,600 and the small tunas, 703 00:30:58,600 --> 00:31:00,733 where there's a higher mortality rate in the Pacific, 704 00:31:00,733 --> 00:31:02,200 we get about half of them back, 705 00:31:02,200 --> 00:31:05,266 and that's a lot to get back from a wild ocean. 706 00:31:05,266 --> 00:31:08,600 So then what we do is we compute where the fish went. 707 00:31:08,600 --> 00:31:12,600 So in the color is a track of a fish beneath the sea. 708 00:31:12,600 --> 00:31:14,066 It's never sent us a radio signal. 709 00:31:14,066 --> 00:31:15,900 This is all beneath the sea, 710 00:31:15,900 --> 00:31:17,666 all done with a geo-location algorithm. 711 00:31:17,666 --> 00:31:20,566 It's a probability function of where is the animal? 712 00:31:20,566 --> 00:31:23,133 We hook those probabilities together with an error, 713 00:31:23,133 --> 00:31:25,600 and then what we're able to do 714 00:31:25,600 --> 00:31:27,233 is run a states-based model that, 715 00:31:27,233 --> 00:31:30,733 over time, has improved telling us where an animal 716 00:31:30,733 --> 00:31:33,200 that's completely beneath the sea is going. 717 00:31:33,200 --> 00:31:36,533 And what is the reward for your hard work over 20 years 718 00:31:36,533 --> 00:31:38,233 is to get tracks like this. 719 00:31:38,233 --> 00:31:39,766 The colors are day--or months 720 00:31:39,766 --> 00:31:41,300 in which the first year the animal, 721 00:31:41,300 --> 00:31:44,500 he was over in America, then the animal went to Ireland, 722 00:31:44,500 --> 00:31:47,166 and then Ireland to Spain 723 00:31:47,166 --> 00:31:48,566 and back and forth again. 724 00:31:48,566 --> 00:31:49,933 They breed in the Mediterranean, 725 00:31:49,933 --> 00:31:51,600 so you start over here and realize 726 00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:54,133 that a fish that you met off the coast of North Carolina 727 00:31:54,133 --> 00:31:56,100 is really a Mediterranean breeder. 728 00:31:56,100 --> 00:31:58,733 So we begin to separate who's who in the ocean. 729 00:31:58,733 --> 00:32:01,633 Another example, a fish in the first year 730 00:32:01,633 --> 00:32:04,000 swimming right across to Spain 731 00:32:04,000 --> 00:32:06,933 and then the same thing, going in the Balearics to breed 732 00:32:06,933 --> 00:32:08,300 for three years in a row. 733 00:32:08,300 --> 00:32:10,133 And so it's through this type of activity 734 00:32:10,133 --> 00:32:12,733 that we can begin to separate populations. 735 00:32:12,733 --> 00:32:14,833 This is a population-- this is one fish 736 00:32:14,833 --> 00:32:17,433 who's gone into the Gulf twice to breed. 737 00:32:17,433 --> 00:32:21,000 And we begin to see that there is a very, very small 738 00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:23,400 North American giant bluefin tuna 739 00:32:23,400 --> 00:32:25,400 that's separate from the European bluefin tuna, 740 00:32:25,400 --> 00:32:27,900 but they mix on their foraging grounds. 741 00:32:27,900 --> 00:32:31,733 We can also see into the ocean with the animal as it dives. 742 00:32:31,733 --> 00:32:34,566 It's become a sensor. 743 00:32:34,566 --> 00:32:36,466 There's the day in the life of a tuna down here 744 00:32:36,466 --> 00:32:38,800 in which the animal's diving 745 00:32:38,800 --> 00:32:40,566 maybe to get a cod or something like that. 746 00:32:40,566 --> 00:32:41,833 This is the ambient temperature. 747 00:32:41,833 --> 00:32:43,800 There's the warm-body temperature. 748 00:32:43,800 --> 00:32:46,633 The animal is moving along this trajectory, 749 00:32:46,633 --> 00:32:49,166 and over the life of this tag, 750 00:32:49,166 --> 00:32:52,233 a year and a half of data, you get this gorgeous data 751 00:32:52,233 --> 00:32:55,700 at the level of oceanographic equipment. 752 00:32:55,700 --> 00:32:59,800 To get the pop-up tag to work took a lot of effort 753 00:32:59,800 --> 00:33:01,266 by many people, 754 00:33:01,266 --> 00:33:04,566 and so this is pop-up tagging here at Monterey. 755 00:33:04,566 --> 00:33:07,933 Learning how to pop the tags off first in pens 756 00:33:07,933 --> 00:33:09,233 and then building an instrument 757 00:33:09,233 --> 00:33:11,266 that was robust enough to work in the wild. 758 00:33:11,266 --> 00:33:12,933 Now, what we do routinely 759 00:33:12,933 --> 00:33:16,600 is put the external tag on the outside of a fish. 760 00:33:16,600 --> 00:33:18,300 It's pretty hard to keep it on. 761 00:33:18,300 --> 00:33:21,000 It's 30 grams, hard to get it smaller 762 00:33:21,000 --> 00:33:23,366 with its radio transmitters. 763 00:33:23,366 --> 00:33:26,266 It then does all the computational math 764 00:33:26,266 --> 00:33:28,666 of the modeling of sunrise and sunset 765 00:33:28,666 --> 00:33:30,666 on the tag. 766 00:33:30,666 --> 00:33:32,866 We correct the latitude 767 00:33:32,866 --> 00:33:35,633 by taking the zero pressure in blue 768 00:33:35,633 --> 00:33:38,166 and temperature and fitting that with 769 00:33:38,166 --> 00:33:39,400 sea surface temperature 770 00:33:39,400 --> 00:33:41,800 we get from satellites from NASA and NOAA. 771 00:33:41,800 --> 00:33:44,666 We then can bring these two models of where the fish is 772 00:33:44,666 --> 00:33:46,733 along a known light longitude together 773 00:33:46,733 --> 00:33:48,500 and then get that probability. 774 00:33:48,500 --> 00:33:50,733 And the hard part about pop-up tags 775 00:33:50,733 --> 00:33:52,633 is you have to send that data back. 776 00:33:52,633 --> 00:33:56,000 So the tag is small, it rides, records all this data. 777 00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:58,733 It does some smart computational functions, 778 00:33:58,733 --> 00:34:00,600 comes to the surface on a release 779 00:34:00,600 --> 00:34:02,200 that you program in, 780 00:34:02,200 --> 00:34:06,033 and then sends the data back to Argos system. 781 00:34:06,033 --> 00:34:09,700 So then we're able to take imagery from NASA and NOAA, 782 00:34:09,700 --> 00:34:11,066 bring it together with the track, 783 00:34:11,066 --> 00:34:12,600 and for the first time in our lives, 784 00:34:12,600 --> 00:34:15,766 really see how it is that the Gulf Stream becomes, 785 00:34:15,766 --> 00:34:19,600 for example, the transporter of the tuna 786 00:34:19,600 --> 00:34:22,066 and how rings off the Gulf Stream are places 787 00:34:22,066 --> 00:34:24,233 that they really love to go, 788 00:34:24,233 --> 00:34:28,666 and then how an animal might probe the Gulf of Maine, 789 00:34:28,666 --> 00:34:30,566 look for something in there, find it's too cold, 790 00:34:30,566 --> 00:34:33,866 and then go back before heading back down to North Carolina. 791 00:34:33,866 --> 00:34:36,866 And so this type of work is challenging to do. 792 00:34:38,633 --> 00:34:41,000 So we are also able to, as I said, 793 00:34:41,000 --> 00:34:43,533 send back these oceanographic signals, 794 00:34:43,533 --> 00:34:47,333 find out how a fish in a population 795 00:34:47,333 --> 00:34:49,066 are using the Gulf of Mexico. 796 00:34:49,066 --> 00:34:51,833 We're able to see that some of these fish 797 00:34:51,833 --> 00:34:54,600 move across to the Mediterranean, 798 00:34:54,600 --> 00:34:57,366 as I told you, combine it with genetics, 799 00:34:57,366 --> 00:35:01,033 such that we can see Gulf fish, Mediterranean fish, 800 00:35:01,033 --> 00:35:03,666 and fish that are sort of in the North Atlantic. 801 00:35:03,666 --> 00:35:06,300 We can use ear bones with elements 802 00:35:06,300 --> 00:35:08,466 to tell us from which population, 803 00:35:08,466 --> 00:35:10,600 red from the Gulf and blue from the Med, 804 00:35:10,600 --> 00:35:13,033 saltier sea the animals come from 805 00:35:13,033 --> 00:35:14,733 and we take all this information 806 00:35:14,733 --> 00:35:17,133 and, for the first time, we're able to say to the world 807 00:35:17,133 --> 00:35:18,500 there's two populations, 808 00:35:18,500 --> 00:35:20,600 maybe a third that's residential in the Med, 809 00:35:20,600 --> 00:35:22,466 and we need to manage the mathematics 810 00:35:22,466 --> 00:35:24,800 of how many tunas there are with this understanding 811 00:35:24,800 --> 00:35:27,333 and tell the bodies that manage the tuna 812 00:35:27,333 --> 00:35:30,400 that your models need to have an overlap mathematics 813 00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:32,600 and not this separation. 814 00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:35,800 Tunas also came into the Gulf of Mexico to breed. 815 00:35:35,800 --> 00:35:38,900 And this is where we had the world's largest oil spill 816 00:35:38,900 --> 00:35:40,366 not too long ago, 817 00:35:40,366 --> 00:35:42,233 and we're just publishing some papers now 818 00:35:42,233 --> 00:35:45,366 in which we look at what happened after spawning, 819 00:35:45,366 --> 00:35:48,300 what did the Gulf oil do to the animals, 820 00:35:48,300 --> 00:35:49,566 and what did it do to their spawn 821 00:35:49,566 --> 00:35:52,000 that's going to impact the population? 822 00:35:52,000 --> 00:35:55,066 And we do that with satellite oceanography again 823 00:35:55,066 --> 00:35:57,333 coming from both NOAA and NASA in which 824 00:35:57,333 --> 00:35:59,433 along a trajectory of where a tuna is, 825 00:35:59,433 --> 00:36:01,600 we can tell a behavior of spawning. 826 00:36:01,600 --> 00:36:04,933 That is, we can tell when the tunas, if you will, have sex. 827 00:36:04,933 --> 00:36:07,266 And they do, like us, some unusual things. 828 00:36:07,266 --> 00:36:08,633 I'm not gonna go into the detail. 829 00:36:08,633 --> 00:36:10,500 They have a pattern up here of behavior, 830 00:36:10,500 --> 00:36:11,633 of temperature and pressure 831 00:36:11,633 --> 00:36:12,966 that you could almost with your eyes 832 00:36:12,966 --> 00:36:15,366 see on a dial base, is different 833 00:36:15,366 --> 00:36:17,233 than the pattern below. 834 00:36:17,233 --> 00:36:20,400 And we know from our own work physiologically 835 00:36:20,400 --> 00:36:24,166 that petroleum is a cardiac arrhythmatic agent. 836 00:36:24,166 --> 00:36:25,900 We actually--I showed that. 837 00:36:25,900 --> 00:36:27,966 And so we can actually then make some population estimates 838 00:36:27,966 --> 00:36:32,166 of what happened when tunas spawn in oceanographic places 839 00:36:32,166 --> 00:36:33,633 that are oiled. 840 00:36:33,633 --> 00:36:35,066 So we can bring the layers together 841 00:36:35,066 --> 00:36:38,100 and then ask the question, what was the probability 842 00:36:38,100 --> 00:36:41,300 in the oil spill of a tuna habitat 843 00:36:41,300 --> 00:36:43,400 in high probability green 844 00:36:43,400 --> 00:36:44,666 being covered with oil, 845 00:36:44,666 --> 00:36:47,066 and then also having a spawning event occur? 846 00:36:47,066 --> 00:36:49,400 And that's how we bring together these disparate fields 847 00:36:49,400 --> 00:36:52,000 of satellite oceanography and behavior. 848 00:36:52,000 --> 00:36:54,166 I'm gonna skip past this because of time 849 00:36:54,166 --> 00:36:56,866 and tell you slightly about our other project. 850 00:36:56,866 --> 00:36:58,166 So out here in the Pacific, 851 00:36:58,166 --> 00:36:59,633 which is a bit more of the unknown, 852 00:36:59,633 --> 00:37:02,366 we have big sanctuaries and we're trying to understand, 853 00:37:02,366 --> 00:37:04,766 as I mentioned, we've been talking about the tunas, 854 00:37:04,766 --> 00:37:07,800 how does an ocean as big as the Pacific operate? 855 00:37:07,800 --> 00:37:11,100 To do that, we took all of our equipment, 856 00:37:11,100 --> 00:37:13,333 our satellite tags on the heads of seals, 857 00:37:13,333 --> 00:37:16,300 our pop-up tags, our tuna archival tags, 858 00:37:16,300 --> 00:37:18,600 and the simple questions that we're asking are, 859 00:37:18,600 --> 00:37:21,000 if we understand that there's a relationship 860 00:37:21,000 --> 00:37:22,700 between upwelling and productivity, 861 00:37:22,700 --> 00:37:25,700 how do you get optimum habitat off California, 862 00:37:25,700 --> 00:37:27,633 and why does it occur only 863 00:37:27,633 --> 00:37:29,466 for about four to five months of the year? 864 00:37:29,466 --> 00:37:31,066 Why is the hot spot, if you will, 865 00:37:31,066 --> 00:37:33,866 July to November? 866 00:37:33,866 --> 00:37:37,166 So we satellite oceanographically tagged 867 00:37:37,166 --> 00:37:41,300 from UCSC and Daniel Costa's lab in TOPP 868 00:37:41,300 --> 00:37:44,200 the e-seals off of-- 869 00:37:44,200 --> 00:37:46,633 off of Año Nuevo. 870 00:37:46,633 --> 00:37:49,200 We built special tags with our British colleagues 871 00:37:49,200 --> 00:37:52,466 that carried CTDs on the top there. 872 00:37:52,466 --> 00:37:54,200 So these are true CTDs like you'd see 873 00:37:54,200 --> 00:37:55,966 off an oceanographic ship. 874 00:37:55,966 --> 00:37:58,333 They measure salinity, temperature. 875 00:37:58,333 --> 00:37:59,966 They now do fluorescents, 876 00:37:59,966 --> 00:38:02,333 and we put this on animals 877 00:38:02,333 --> 00:38:04,666 along with the Fastloc GPS, 878 00:38:04,666 --> 00:38:06,800 and we began to get, you know, precision oceanography 879 00:38:06,800 --> 00:38:08,400 about what they're doing. 880 00:38:08,400 --> 00:38:10,466 And what we learned from this type of activity 881 00:38:10,466 --> 00:38:14,066 the elephant seal goes 1/3 to halfway across the Pacific 882 00:38:14,066 --> 00:38:15,300 and comes back to the beach 883 00:38:15,300 --> 00:38:16,633 where you can get the data back. 884 00:38:16,633 --> 00:38:18,866 We've got the sharks I told you about. 885 00:38:18,866 --> 00:38:21,400 Here's some salmon sharks here, some tuna here. 886 00:38:21,400 --> 00:38:23,933 We found that we had a neighborhood in our backyard, 887 00:38:23,933 --> 00:38:25,933 that we have this ocean called the Pacific. 888 00:38:25,933 --> 00:38:27,633 But once we put tags on, 889 00:38:27,633 --> 00:38:29,500 we found that from Hawaii to here is sort of 890 00:38:29,500 --> 00:38:30,633 an ocean neighborhood, 891 00:38:30,633 --> 00:38:33,133 and then in the summer months 892 00:38:33,133 --> 00:38:36,666 from New Zealand, from Indonesia, from the Bering Sea, 893 00:38:36,666 --> 00:38:39,066 animals know it's such a great place to feed-- 894 00:38:39,066 --> 00:38:41,433 it's sort of the McDonald's of the west coast-- 895 00:38:41,433 --> 00:38:44,333 that they all come up here, unremarkable migrations, 896 00:38:44,333 --> 00:38:46,466 to feed here. 897 00:38:46,466 --> 00:38:48,800 And so what we learned by studying many animals 898 00:38:48,800 --> 00:38:51,466 and guilds working together as scientists 899 00:38:51,466 --> 00:38:54,000 is that the west coast of North America 900 00:38:54,000 --> 00:38:57,700 has a place that attracts albatross, that has tunas, 901 00:38:57,700 --> 00:38:59,333 that has sharks, and for the first time, 902 00:38:59,333 --> 00:39:01,800 we could separate in colors their different species 903 00:39:01,800 --> 00:39:04,433 and their habitats with tagging. 904 00:39:04,433 --> 00:39:05,900 And the main result of the project 905 00:39:05,900 --> 00:39:09,433 was to learn, in red, that if you tag 4,000 animals 906 00:39:09,433 --> 00:39:11,200 and get tens of thousands, 907 00:39:11,200 --> 00:39:12,466 hundreds of thousands of points, 908 00:39:12,466 --> 00:39:14,766 that the hot spot, after you correct for 909 00:39:14,766 --> 00:39:16,933 having put many of the tags in the west coast, 910 00:39:16,933 --> 00:39:20,033 isn't just a diffusional place that they go to 911 00:39:20,033 --> 00:39:21,233 because you tagged them here. 912 00:39:21,233 --> 00:39:22,966 The hot spot is here because 913 00:39:22,966 --> 00:39:25,233 it's actually aggregating much of the wildlife 914 00:39:25,233 --> 00:39:29,166 of the Pacific in the northern Pacific Ocean. 915 00:39:29,166 --> 00:39:31,033 And there's three hot spots in particular. 916 00:39:31,033 --> 00:39:34,100 We found the highway, the North Pacific Transition Zone, 917 00:39:34,100 --> 00:39:37,600 the California Current, and the White Shark Café. 918 00:39:37,600 --> 00:39:40,300 We also found that, much to our surprise, 919 00:39:40,300 --> 00:39:41,866 when we started, we didn't really know this, 920 00:39:41,866 --> 00:39:44,600 that if you take oceanographic values-- 921 00:39:44,600 --> 00:39:46,233 this would be chlorophyll. 922 00:39:46,233 --> 00:39:48,400 This down here is temperature with red being warm colors. 923 00:39:48,400 --> 00:39:50,966 and you run the mean latitude of all these guilds 924 00:39:50,966 --> 00:39:53,866 through the year, that there's a very seasonal pattern 925 00:39:53,866 --> 00:39:57,333 of either going north-south or going inshore-offshore, 926 00:39:57,333 --> 00:39:59,833 that there's actually a clock that the animals are on. 927 00:39:59,833 --> 00:40:01,633 That clock is a seasonal clock 928 00:40:01,633 --> 00:40:03,666 in which this is the hot spot. 929 00:40:03,666 --> 00:40:05,800 All of the west coast of North America in blue 930 00:40:05,800 --> 00:40:07,666 are transit periods 931 00:40:07,666 --> 00:40:10,233 and yellow is the residency period. 932 00:40:10,233 --> 00:40:12,700 So I've told you a lot about Pacific bluefin tuna. 933 00:40:12,700 --> 00:40:15,400 I'm not gonna say-- I mean, Atlantic bluefin tuna. 934 00:40:15,400 --> 00:40:18,333 On the Pacific side, a tuna would be tagged, 935 00:40:18,333 --> 00:40:21,033 excuse me, and go north and south 936 00:40:21,033 --> 00:40:22,866 for quite some time. 937 00:40:22,866 --> 00:40:26,133 And in blue is bluefin, in red is yellowfin, 938 00:40:26,133 --> 00:40:27,633 three different species, 939 00:40:27,633 --> 00:40:29,033 in white will be albacore tuna. 940 00:40:29,033 --> 00:40:31,333 Those are the tunas of the west coast of North America. 941 00:40:31,333 --> 00:40:34,766 This would be a NASA-generated 942 00:40:34,766 --> 00:40:38,800 surface temperature map from JPL. 943 00:40:38,800 --> 00:40:40,600 And what we'll have is then tuna showing you 944 00:40:40,600 --> 00:40:42,600 their migration highway home. 945 00:40:42,600 --> 00:40:44,633 They always go along that highway. 946 00:40:44,633 --> 00:40:46,433 And then we'll see that in red, the yellowfin tuna 947 00:40:46,433 --> 00:40:47,633 will be clinging to North America. 948 00:40:47,633 --> 00:40:48,800 They'll stay here. 949 00:40:48,800 --> 00:40:50,433 That's what makes the population. 950 00:40:50,433 --> 00:40:54,433 And then the albacore are going out towards the café. 951 00:40:54,433 --> 00:40:56,833 Perhaps the biggest migrators we learned, 952 00:40:56,833 --> 00:40:59,333 we took tuna tags and, through the work of Scott Shaffer 953 00:40:59,333 --> 00:41:01,233 at San Jose State, 954 00:41:01,233 --> 00:41:03,800 we were able to show with light-based geo-location 955 00:41:03,800 --> 00:41:05,733 that animals as small as shearwaters 956 00:41:05,733 --> 00:41:07,933 that you see here in the summer are coming up from New Zealand, 957 00:41:07,933 --> 00:41:10,133 ending up on our coast, 958 00:41:10,133 --> 00:41:12,166 maybe going over to Japan, and then coming back down 959 00:41:12,166 --> 00:41:14,533 on some of the largest migrations on the planet. 960 00:41:14,533 --> 00:41:16,966 These are with small light-based geo-location tags 961 00:41:16,966 --> 00:41:19,766 that the birds carry on their feet. 962 00:41:19,766 --> 00:41:21,800 And when we do all this tagging together, 963 00:41:21,800 --> 00:41:23,366 we begin to see that we understand 964 00:41:23,366 --> 00:41:25,033 that the transition zone, 965 00:41:25,033 --> 00:41:27,100 we need satellites to really see this, 966 00:41:27,100 --> 00:41:30,700 is between the subarctic front and the subtropical gyre 967 00:41:30,700 --> 00:41:32,866 that an albatross on a single trip 968 00:41:32,866 --> 00:41:36,266 will use that frontal zone with a satellite tag 969 00:41:36,266 --> 00:41:38,700 that a Pacific bluefin tuna will migrate 970 00:41:38,700 --> 00:41:41,500 along this frontal zone and so will the elephant seals 971 00:41:41,500 --> 00:41:42,900 'cause that's where the food is. 972 00:41:42,900 --> 00:41:44,466 So we're beginning to know where the highways 973 00:41:44,466 --> 00:41:47,433 that we have to watch where humans might be gathering. 974 00:41:47,433 --> 00:41:49,366 We'll use this satellite data 975 00:41:49,366 --> 00:41:52,600 to make the synthesis of taking all the data that we have, 976 00:41:52,600 --> 00:41:54,433 putting it together with GAM models, 977 00:41:54,433 --> 00:41:56,700 and asking the question, what is it that structures 978 00:41:56,700 --> 00:41:57,933 the habitat? 979 00:41:57,933 --> 00:41:59,700 How is it that temperature and chlorophyll 980 00:41:59,700 --> 00:42:01,733 are structuring these places? 981 00:42:01,733 --> 00:42:02,966 And then we'll look at something 982 00:42:02,966 --> 00:42:06,733 like our elephant seal or pinniped information 983 00:42:06,733 --> 00:42:08,966 and we'll take this to a step further 984 00:42:08,966 --> 00:42:10,400 where it helps the planet Earth 985 00:42:10,400 --> 00:42:12,700 where the data that we're gathering as--as-- 986 00:42:12,700 --> 00:42:14,666 as biologists now 987 00:42:14,666 --> 00:42:16,700 as the animals move up and down 988 00:42:16,700 --> 00:42:20,866 is being sent to the world, you know, GTS data set 989 00:42:20,866 --> 00:42:23,800 and the animals themselves, as they cross the Pacific 990 00:42:23,800 --> 00:42:25,166 and come back with their tags 991 00:42:25,166 --> 00:42:27,700 can actually take more data 992 00:42:27,700 --> 00:42:30,900 than any manmade automated vehicle at a lower cost, 993 00:42:30,900 --> 00:42:32,766 you know, the cost of a sardine or two, 994 00:42:32,766 --> 00:42:36,433 across the entire ocean basin. 995 00:42:36,433 --> 00:42:38,966 All right, so this Animals as Ocean Sensors project 996 00:42:38,966 --> 00:42:40,633 is something that's grown up out of TOPP. 997 00:42:40,633 --> 00:42:42,033 It's happening across the planet. 998 00:42:42,033 --> 00:42:45,300 What we do as animal oceanographers 999 00:42:45,300 --> 00:42:47,066 is we take our data, we're learning to strip 1000 00:42:47,066 --> 00:42:50,333 the ocean data from it, send it up to the world system 1001 00:42:50,333 --> 00:42:53,366 so that we can have a better view of that in situ look 1002 00:42:53,366 --> 00:42:56,700 at the oceans, such that if this is last year's El Niño-- 1003 00:42:56,700 --> 00:42:59,266 this is my colleague Dan Costa's team-- 1004 00:42:59,266 --> 00:43:01,666 where we're sending out the elephant seals 1005 00:43:01,666 --> 00:43:04,133 to see the warm blob that developed. 1006 00:43:04,133 --> 00:43:07,166 And you look at, you know, the Argo float program, 1007 00:43:07,166 --> 00:43:08,700 a well-funded oceanographic program, 1008 00:43:08,700 --> 00:43:10,666 and the red are the hot areas, 1009 00:43:10,666 --> 00:43:13,533 of how much data is coming back in terms of casts, 1010 00:43:13,533 --> 00:43:15,300 the seals, for a very low cost, 1011 00:43:15,300 --> 00:43:17,866 can actually generate quite a bit of data. 1012 00:43:17,866 --> 00:43:21,033 This has really been taken to heart at the Arctic 1013 00:43:21,033 --> 00:43:23,666 and Antarctic zones where those are animal tags 1014 00:43:23,666 --> 00:43:27,000 from five nations in the MEOP program being put out, 1015 00:43:27,000 --> 00:43:29,566 versus the Argo floats in red, 1016 00:43:29,566 --> 00:43:31,266 which can't really get to some of the places 1017 00:43:31,266 --> 00:43:32,800 that the animals can get to. 1018 00:43:32,800 --> 00:43:36,333 So animals are being cohorts in oceanography across the planet. 1019 00:43:36,333 --> 00:43:39,033 I want to just tell you just a few more stories. 1020 00:43:39,033 --> 00:43:41,766 This is a satellite tag on a shark. 1021 00:43:41,766 --> 00:43:43,466 We didn't know when we started we could send data 1022 00:43:43,466 --> 00:43:45,333 from the fin of a shark. 1023 00:43:45,333 --> 00:43:48,666 This is coming down from Alaska, 1024 00:43:48,666 --> 00:43:51,766 a salmon shark really roving over the northeast Pacific. 1025 00:43:51,766 --> 00:43:54,433 Here's a mako over three years 1026 00:43:54,433 --> 00:43:56,900 tagged here, one year, two years, 1027 00:43:56,900 --> 00:43:59,233 and the third year, and then today, off the web... 1028 00:43:59,233 --> 00:44:01,466 this is this morning. 1029 00:44:01,466 --> 00:44:04,033 A salmon shark we tagged last year or a year ago in Alaska 1030 00:44:04,033 --> 00:44:05,566 is right in Monterey Bay. 1031 00:44:05,566 --> 00:44:08,466 I might go out and see that shark this weekend. 1032 00:44:08,466 --> 00:44:11,400 So we, again, another story here, 1033 00:44:11,400 --> 00:44:13,966 learned about this whole other cousin of white sharks. 1034 00:44:13,966 --> 00:44:16,766 Their enormous migrations with satellite tags. 1035 00:44:16,766 --> 00:44:18,766 They're--this is the population on the right, 1036 00:44:18,766 --> 00:44:21,666 a single individual on the-- on the left. 1037 00:44:21,666 --> 00:44:23,166 And you know, I would argue that we don't have 1038 00:44:23,166 --> 00:44:25,333 polar bear tracks for this long, again, from technology 1039 00:44:25,333 --> 00:44:28,233 that is allowing us to figure out where they are 1040 00:44:28,233 --> 00:44:30,433 and what their impact are on salmon. 1041 00:44:30,433 --> 00:44:31,933 And then the one that everybody wants to hear about 1042 00:44:31,933 --> 00:44:33,833 are the white sharks in our backyard. 1043 00:44:33,833 --> 00:44:36,066 Two tags, acoustic and pop-up. 1044 00:44:36,066 --> 00:44:37,833 Everybody wants to know how we do it. 1045 00:44:37,833 --> 00:44:39,600 We bring 'em close to the boat. 1046 00:44:39,600 --> 00:44:41,600 We don't recommend you do this at home. 1047 00:44:41,600 --> 00:44:43,833 And when you bring a white shark close to the boat, 1048 00:44:43,833 --> 00:44:47,100 you can attract them with a seal decoy 1049 00:44:47,100 --> 00:44:48,933 and a piece of blubber. 1050 00:44:48,933 --> 00:44:52,966 You can get the animal moving right into the boat area, 1051 00:44:52,966 --> 00:44:55,466 and if you put on a tag, like a satellite tag, 1052 00:44:55,466 --> 00:44:58,866 in red are individual tracks and in yellow 1053 00:44:58,866 --> 00:45:00,800 is the whole population. 1054 00:45:00,800 --> 00:45:03,866 That's how we learn that every shark here on California coast 1055 00:45:03,866 --> 00:45:06,066 is going offshore, back inshore, 1056 00:45:06,066 --> 00:45:09,466 and hanging out at places like the White Shark Café. 1057 00:45:09,466 --> 00:45:12,000 The depth information on the tag 1058 00:45:12,000 --> 00:45:15,366 gives us the incredible story that in close to shore, 1059 00:45:15,366 --> 00:45:16,666 this is what you're most interested in 1060 00:45:16,666 --> 00:45:18,000 for the surfers in the room, 1061 00:45:18,000 --> 00:45:19,466 they're right here at the surface. 1062 00:45:19,466 --> 00:45:22,266 Red being the high-occupancy areas. 1063 00:45:22,266 --> 00:45:25,266 Once they go offshore, they're doing a dial behavior 1064 00:45:25,266 --> 00:45:28,600 and in the café, my colleague, Sal Jorgensen, 1065 00:45:28,600 --> 00:45:31,900 has shown that they're doing a rapid oscillatory diving. 1066 00:45:31,900 --> 00:45:35,266 We think this could be behaviorally some sort of 1067 00:45:35,266 --> 00:45:38,233 behavior that's attracting males and females in the café. 1068 00:45:38,233 --> 00:45:41,533 So they're eating pinnipeds close to home, 1069 00:45:41,533 --> 00:45:43,966 squid offshore, and the café is the place 1070 00:45:43,966 --> 00:45:45,666 for meet and greet. 1071 00:45:45,666 --> 00:45:48,766 And in this café, we know very little that's happening there. 1072 00:45:48,766 --> 00:45:50,500 We know it's a concentrated place. 1073 00:45:50,500 --> 00:45:51,933 We haven't been there yet. 1074 00:45:51,933 --> 00:45:53,800 We can use satellites to look down on it. 1075 00:45:53,800 --> 00:45:55,866 And what we're doing right now 1076 00:45:55,866 --> 00:45:57,400 with our Google colleagues 1077 00:45:57,400 --> 00:46:00,333 is looking at who's in the café. 1078 00:46:00,333 --> 00:46:04,533 This is now human fishing hours in the café using 1079 00:46:04,533 --> 00:46:08,066 the AIS beacons to ask, "Who is in our Blue Serengeti?" 1080 00:46:08,066 --> 00:46:09,900 And note there's very little activity 1081 00:46:09,900 --> 00:46:11,833 in our North American ocean. 1082 00:46:11,833 --> 00:46:13,200 That's good. 1083 00:46:13,200 --> 00:46:14,266 All right, so I'll sum that up 1084 00:46:14,266 --> 00:46:16,300 by showing all three species now. 1085 00:46:16,300 --> 00:46:19,466 Makos, white sharks, salmon sharks 1086 00:46:19,466 --> 00:46:22,500 all moving through space and time in an ocean of color, 1087 00:46:22,500 --> 00:46:25,066 of temperature, and we see the three species 1088 00:46:25,066 --> 00:46:27,900 and their shadows there separated, 1089 00:46:27,900 --> 00:46:30,500 and basically the white sharks out there in the café. 1090 00:46:30,500 --> 00:46:32,700 You could learn what time would be a good time to go swimming 1091 00:46:32,700 --> 00:46:34,033 in Monterey. 1092 00:46:34,033 --> 00:46:35,733 April looks pretty good. 1093 00:46:35,733 --> 00:46:37,366 And then these sharks are gonna come back 1094 00:46:37,366 --> 00:46:39,900 and you'll see that they'll peak on our shore 1095 00:46:39,900 --> 00:46:43,300 right about--coming up in the-- in the summertime. 1096 00:46:43,300 --> 00:46:44,566 They just headed back. 1097 00:46:44,566 --> 00:46:46,600 The first shark showed up yesterday. 1098 00:46:46,600 --> 00:46:49,033 And then by November, all those white dots 1099 00:46:49,033 --> 00:46:51,000 are gonna be out of the open sea 1100 00:46:51,000 --> 00:46:54,233 and into the coastal ocean. 1101 00:46:55,766 --> 00:46:59,000 We sometimes have salmon sharks get eaten by white sharks. 1102 00:46:59,000 --> 00:47:00,733 That's a good story there. 1103 00:47:00,733 --> 00:47:03,066 All right, you can see the body temperature getting constant 1104 00:47:03,066 --> 00:47:04,666 and warm. 1105 00:47:04,666 --> 00:47:07,000 But the main story that I've told you today 1106 00:47:07,000 --> 00:47:09,566 is we are a team working with many others 1107 00:47:09,566 --> 00:47:12,600 discovered that we have a Blue Serengeti, 1108 00:47:12,600 --> 00:47:14,500 a place as equivalent to Kruger National Park 1109 00:47:14,500 --> 00:47:15,733 in our backyard. 1110 00:47:15,733 --> 00:47:17,166 All the animals are here. 1111 00:47:17,166 --> 00:47:19,300 We're trying now to raise awareness 1112 00:47:19,300 --> 00:47:21,800 of how do you make an MPA, a marine protected area, 1113 00:47:21,800 --> 00:47:23,866 that would protect this region 1114 00:47:23,866 --> 00:47:25,433 beyond the sanctuaries? 1115 00:47:25,433 --> 00:47:28,400 How is it that we make a Yellowstone in the ocean? 1116 00:47:28,400 --> 00:47:30,866 How do we make Yosemite in the ocean? 1117 00:47:30,866 --> 00:47:34,066 So there's a map of the great blue areas. 1118 00:47:34,066 --> 00:47:36,166 We call these the large marine protected areas. 1119 00:47:36,166 --> 00:47:37,866 There are not very many in the ocean. 1120 00:47:37,866 --> 00:47:41,233 Less than 10% of the ocean is protected. 1121 00:47:41,233 --> 00:47:44,300 Here's the Phoenix Islands Protected Area, Chagos. 1122 00:47:44,300 --> 00:47:46,100 Here's our backyard, 1123 00:47:46,100 --> 00:47:49,000 not very well protected. 1124 00:47:49,000 --> 00:47:50,700 In order to protect these places 1125 00:47:50,700 --> 00:47:51,933 and look to the future, 1126 00:47:51,933 --> 00:47:56,200 we need to have apex predator monitoring. 1127 00:47:56,200 --> 00:48:00,100 To do that, cool technologies like Wave Gliders 1128 00:48:00,100 --> 00:48:02,766 and buoys are being used. 1129 00:48:02,766 --> 00:48:04,866 I'm gonna finish up by just giving a couple examples. 1130 00:48:04,866 --> 00:48:07,633 These are where the animals are from our satellite tags. 1131 00:48:07,633 --> 00:48:09,933 The black is where the protection zones are. 1132 00:48:09,933 --> 00:48:11,900 Those are the national marine sanctuaries 1133 00:48:11,900 --> 00:48:13,300 White are white sharks. 1134 00:48:13,300 --> 00:48:15,666 Don't get nervous when you see that slide. 1135 00:48:15,666 --> 00:48:17,933 Orange are the salmon sharks. 1136 00:48:17,933 --> 00:48:20,600 It's a shark-y backyard we have. 1137 00:48:20,600 --> 00:48:22,900 We live in peace in this backyard with our sharks. 1138 00:48:22,900 --> 00:48:26,900 We've developed a system in which we put receivers, 1139 00:48:26,900 --> 00:48:29,500 built by a company called VEMCO, in the ocean 1140 00:48:29,500 --> 00:48:31,100 at just a few places. 1141 00:48:31,100 --> 00:48:33,666 We can keep track acoustically of the white sharks 1142 00:48:33,666 --> 00:48:35,200 as they come and go. 1143 00:48:35,200 --> 00:48:38,333 Those are just different white sharks hitting the receivers. 1144 00:48:38,333 --> 00:48:41,633 We've put iridium satellite devices on the top 1145 00:48:41,633 --> 00:48:42,900 of our receivers now, 1146 00:48:42,900 --> 00:48:45,300 and you on your iPhone can keep track, 1147 00:48:45,300 --> 00:48:46,666 and if you come into our app 1148 00:48:46,666 --> 00:48:48,633 or take a look on the web 1149 00:48:48,633 --> 00:48:51,233 of when a white shark swims by the buoy. 1150 00:48:51,233 --> 00:48:52,833 You can see when it's here. 1151 00:48:52,833 --> 00:48:55,600 This is--you can see the gap when they're away. 1152 00:48:55,600 --> 00:48:57,400 This is yesterday, 1153 00:48:57,400 --> 00:48:58,966 and I just noticed this white shark 1154 00:48:58,966 --> 00:49:00,766 just showed up on our coast. 1155 00:49:00,766 --> 00:49:02,933 So you can do that by going to topp.org 1156 00:49:02,933 --> 00:49:04,533 and going to a buoy. 1157 00:49:04,533 --> 00:49:06,533 These buoys have physical oceanography. 1158 00:49:06,533 --> 00:49:09,866 They're built in collaboration with MBARI now, 1159 00:49:09,866 --> 00:49:12,800 and we've got a few of them in the ocean right at Hopkins. 1160 00:49:12,800 --> 00:49:14,633 We can tell our undergrads, "Hey, look, 1161 00:49:14,633 --> 00:49:18,433 there's 14 large white sharks that come by." 1162 00:49:18,433 --> 00:49:20,433 The gliders give us continuous coverage, 1163 00:49:20,433 --> 00:49:23,166 and the future of oceanography is to begin to enable 1164 00:49:23,166 --> 00:49:25,766 this mechanized world that samples 1165 00:49:25,766 --> 00:49:29,966 allows us to go in, do things like go around Farallones 1166 00:49:29,966 --> 00:49:32,666 and see with a mechanized glider, all in yellow, 1167 00:49:32,666 --> 00:49:35,100 that white sharks are circling the Farallones. 1168 00:49:35,100 --> 00:49:37,966 Not a great place to go swimming in the summertime. 1169 00:49:37,966 --> 00:49:41,366 That's a bunch of different white sharks all gathered there 1170 00:49:41,366 --> 00:49:43,533 that we couldn't visualize ourselves 1171 00:49:43,533 --> 00:49:45,700 until we had gliders that were circling. 1172 00:49:45,700 --> 00:49:48,866 So in conclusion, the future really is 1173 00:49:48,866 --> 00:49:51,666 a future in which we bring together 1174 00:49:51,666 --> 00:49:53,566 these disparate worlds of-- 1175 00:49:53,566 --> 00:49:55,966 of surveillance, 1176 00:49:55,966 --> 00:49:58,833 technologies that are latecomers to our oceans 1177 00:49:58,833 --> 00:50:01,133 that you probably are using on other planetary missions. 1178 00:50:01,133 --> 00:50:02,733 And we begin to understand 1179 00:50:02,733 --> 00:50:05,833 how is it that we can see what's happening in our sea? 1180 00:50:05,833 --> 00:50:07,566 And that's what we're trying to do 1181 00:50:07,566 --> 00:50:10,033 with our colleagues right now. 1182 00:50:10,033 --> 00:50:12,500 And the future is something like having 1183 00:50:12,500 --> 00:50:13,666 not only the mechanized vehicles 1184 00:50:13,666 --> 00:50:15,066 and the tagged animals, 1185 00:50:15,066 --> 00:50:18,200 but also developing this world of environmental DNA, 1186 00:50:18,200 --> 00:50:20,166 being able to do signatures 1187 00:50:20,166 --> 00:50:22,400 of being able to see where the animals are, 1188 00:50:22,400 --> 00:50:23,933 and also pick up their signature 1189 00:50:23,933 --> 00:50:25,900 from their genetic material. 1190 00:50:25,900 --> 00:50:29,066 So an evolving area of science is the fact that 1191 00:50:29,066 --> 00:50:30,833 wherever you go, especially in the sea, 1192 00:50:30,833 --> 00:50:34,000 you can find the shedding cells and tell who's been there. 1193 00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:36,566 We envision the day soon 1194 00:50:36,566 --> 00:50:40,466 where we could just send out a glider to the café 1195 00:50:40,466 --> 00:50:43,100 and the glider remotely could sample what's happening there 1196 00:50:43,100 --> 00:50:44,733 and send it back to the lab. 1197 00:50:44,733 --> 00:50:46,833 Something you'd be doing on Mars, perhaps. 1198 00:50:46,833 --> 00:50:48,800 And then we envision the day soon 1199 00:50:48,800 --> 00:50:51,266 where we take back our seas from the poachers 1200 00:50:51,266 --> 00:50:54,666 that with the Google and SkyTruth-enabled ability 1201 00:50:54,666 --> 00:50:57,166 to follow where humans are 1202 00:50:57,166 --> 00:50:59,200 that we can actually, in these remote places, 1203 00:50:59,200 --> 00:51:01,133 the largest MPAs on Earth, 1204 00:51:01,133 --> 00:51:03,800 build the type of devices that help us prevent 1205 00:51:03,800 --> 00:51:06,200 the taking of the sharks. 1206 00:51:06,200 --> 00:51:09,433 I'm gonna just go back--back right past this very sad story, 1207 00:51:09,433 --> 00:51:12,500 the largest MPA on Earth where we work, 1208 00:51:12,500 --> 00:51:15,666 completely overrun with poachers that we can't stop. 1209 00:51:15,666 --> 00:51:18,733 And I'll end on this last note. 1210 00:51:18,733 --> 00:51:20,866 My hope for the future is that 1211 00:51:20,866 --> 00:51:23,266 with coming together of different groups, 1212 00:51:23,266 --> 00:51:26,033 we can do things like build what we're building right now 1213 00:51:26,033 --> 00:51:27,933 with our Stanford colleagues and aerospace, 1214 00:51:27,933 --> 00:51:29,766 the fin alert shark tag, 1215 00:51:29,766 --> 00:51:32,233 a tag that, when we take a shark from the sea, 1216 00:51:32,233 --> 00:51:34,433 it will have the same type of device we have 1217 00:51:34,433 --> 00:51:36,666 in clothes at Macy's 1218 00:51:36,666 --> 00:51:40,866 where it will alert the patrol boats 1219 00:51:40,866 --> 00:51:42,566 that the animal's been taken 1220 00:51:42,566 --> 00:51:44,200 and the patrol boat can come and say, hey, 1221 00:51:44,200 --> 00:51:46,733 you know, you're not supposed to be in our MPA, 1222 00:51:46,733 --> 00:51:48,066 our marine protected area. 1223 00:51:48,066 --> 00:51:50,433 That type of technology is what we need 1224 00:51:50,433 --> 00:51:52,166 combined with the satellite technology 1225 00:51:52,166 --> 00:51:54,566 to own this place called Earth 1226 00:51:54,566 --> 00:51:55,933 and to prevent what's happening, 1227 00:51:55,933 --> 00:51:59,566 the decimation of the large marine predators 1228 00:51:59,566 --> 00:52:03,033 in the open sea beyond U.S. borders. 1229 00:52:03,033 --> 00:52:06,166 So I'm gonna end by saying thanks for listening. 1230 00:52:06,166 --> 00:52:08,233 Monitoring with technology, 1231 00:52:08,233 --> 00:52:10,766 bringing together these disparate paths 1232 00:52:10,766 --> 00:52:13,133 is really the future of our oceans, 1233 00:52:13,133 --> 00:52:14,866 and to do all this work, 1234 00:52:14,866 --> 00:52:17,000 there's many people I would have to thank 1235 00:52:17,000 --> 00:52:18,833 but I particularly want to thank my own laboratory 1236 00:52:18,833 --> 00:52:21,133 that actually has led the charge with me 1237 00:52:21,133 --> 00:52:22,933 throughout the years, many different people, 1238 00:52:22,933 --> 00:52:25,100 and then the combination of philanthropic 1239 00:52:25,100 --> 00:52:26,733 and federal funding that's allowed us 1240 00:52:26,733 --> 00:52:28,833 to span two ocean basins 1241 00:52:28,833 --> 00:52:31,566 in pursuit of a healthier ocean. 1242 00:52:31,566 --> 00:52:33,033 Thank you very much. 1243 00:52:33,033 --> 00:52:36,033 [applause] 1244 00:52:39,100 --> 00:52:40,833 - Great talk. 1245 00:52:40,833 --> 00:52:42,933 So we have time for a few questions. 1246 00:52:42,933 --> 00:52:44,566 If you have a question, please raise your hand, 1247 00:52:44,566 --> 00:52:46,766 wait for the microphone, stand up, 1248 00:52:46,766 --> 00:52:49,333 and one question only. 1249 00:52:51,500 --> 00:52:54,000 - Hi, thank you for the talk. That was great. 1250 00:52:54,000 --> 00:52:56,300 I'm wondering, when you're making these global conclusions 1251 00:52:56,300 --> 00:52:58,966 on fish trends, 1252 00:52:58,966 --> 00:53:01,533 how do you deal with the potential for oversampling 1253 00:53:01,533 --> 00:53:05,166 of fish in this region and maybe under-sampling 1254 00:53:05,166 --> 00:53:08,466 of populations that are based in Latin America 1255 00:53:08,466 --> 00:53:10,033 or Australia? 1256 00:53:10,033 --> 00:53:13,000 - Okay, so I'm gonna-- I'm not entirely sure exactly 1257 00:53:13,000 --> 00:53:16,100 which particular aspect of the study 1258 00:53:16,100 --> 00:53:17,633 you're--you're-- you're focused on, 1259 00:53:17,633 --> 00:53:19,533 but let me just talk about fish trends. 1260 00:53:19,533 --> 00:53:24,500 The fish in the world are reported to 1261 00:53:24,500 --> 00:53:26,433 regional fishery management organizations 1262 00:53:26,433 --> 00:53:29,200 that are international called RFMOs or to FAO. 1263 00:53:29,200 --> 00:53:31,833 And so most of the grids for fish reporting 1264 00:53:31,833 --> 00:53:35,533 are five-by-five grids, 1265 00:53:35,533 --> 00:53:37,700 and all you're getting is what humans tell other humans 1266 00:53:37,700 --> 00:53:38,933 they're doing. 1267 00:53:38,933 --> 00:53:40,566 So there's a lot of illegal fishing, too, 1268 00:53:40,566 --> 00:53:42,033 but most of what you're seeing in graphs 1269 00:53:42,033 --> 00:53:44,366 is reported fishing pressure. 1270 00:53:44,366 --> 00:53:46,633 And there's been study after study across the planet 1271 00:53:46,633 --> 00:53:49,700 that's shown that the trends are, you know, going down. 1272 00:53:49,700 --> 00:53:52,700 It's called the fishing down of the food web. 1273 00:53:54,633 --> 00:53:56,033 - I mean, more of when you're tagging fish, 1274 00:53:56,033 --> 00:53:57,033 how do you--how do you deal with-- 1275 00:53:57,033 --> 00:53:58,400 - Wait for the mic. 1276 00:53:58,400 --> 00:54:01,300 - Tagging only ones that are in this area, or tagging sharks-- 1277 00:54:01,300 --> 00:54:02,900 - Okay, sorry. 1278 00:54:02,900 --> 00:54:05,400 When we tag and we look at where an animal goes, 1279 00:54:05,400 --> 00:54:08,666 we have to actually account for that tagging area. 1280 00:54:08,666 --> 00:54:13,100 So we either have to do a statistical, robust analysis 1281 00:54:13,100 --> 00:54:16,566 in which we have to measure how many animals do we tag, 1282 00:54:16,566 --> 00:54:18,433 what was the length of a tag on, 1283 00:54:18,433 --> 00:54:20,833 how do we deal with dispersion versus advection, 1284 00:54:20,833 --> 00:54:24,066 so it's just a math model. 1285 00:54:24,066 --> 00:54:26,333 I'm not--maybe I didn't get your question exactly. 1286 00:54:26,333 --> 00:54:29,133 - Hi, that was fascinating. I have two questions. 1287 00:54:29,133 --> 00:54:32,400 The first question is, when the animals are going out 1288 00:54:32,400 --> 00:54:34,700 way offshore, they're crossing deserts. 1289 00:54:34,700 --> 00:54:37,166 I mean, are they going deep? 1290 00:54:37,166 --> 00:54:41,166 I mean, are they--their surface waters are oligotrophic, 1291 00:54:41,166 --> 00:54:43,266 so how are they managing? 1292 00:54:43,266 --> 00:54:45,533 And they don't seem to be following currents. 1293 00:54:45,533 --> 00:54:47,233 They seem to be going countercurrents. 1294 00:54:47,233 --> 00:54:49,633 So what have you learned about that aspect? 1295 00:54:49,633 --> 00:54:51,033 And then I have another question. 1296 00:54:51,033 --> 00:54:52,933 - I think that's-- that's a really great question. 1297 00:54:52,933 --> 00:54:55,200 That's sort of the secret of the planet Earth. 1298 00:54:55,200 --> 00:54:57,400 So the biggest peanut butter shop on the planet 1299 00:54:57,400 --> 00:54:59,433 is in what we call the mesopelagic, 1300 00:54:59,433 --> 00:55:02,033 so that's the layer underneath the open sea, 1301 00:55:02,033 --> 00:55:03,800 so the pelagic. 1302 00:55:03,800 --> 00:55:07,566 And in that layer is a fish with oil 1303 00:55:07,566 --> 00:55:09,800 that may be the real peanut butter of the sea 1304 00:55:09,800 --> 00:55:11,333 called a lantern fish. 1305 00:55:11,333 --> 00:55:12,900 So a lot of these animals are diving down 1306 00:55:12,900 --> 00:55:15,600 to that layer that doesn't have light, 1307 00:55:15,600 --> 00:55:17,566 the mesopelagic, or it's got low light, 1308 00:55:17,566 --> 00:55:21,700 feeding in that sometimes low-oxygen layer, 1309 00:55:21,700 --> 00:55:22,966 sometimes not low-oxygen, 1310 00:55:22,966 --> 00:55:24,300 and then coming back to the surface. 1311 00:55:24,300 --> 00:55:27,466 So we see a lot of that dial behavior 1312 00:55:27,466 --> 00:55:29,266 out in the open sea, 1313 00:55:29,266 --> 00:55:31,100 and so there's-- 1314 00:55:31,100 --> 00:55:33,200 there's three parts to the answer to your question 1315 00:55:33,200 --> 00:55:35,266 that--that we studied today. 1316 00:55:35,266 --> 00:55:38,133 How are these animals so efficient in moving? 1317 00:55:38,133 --> 00:55:40,300 That is, how is it that they don't have 1318 00:55:40,300 --> 00:55:42,166 such high energetic costs that they can do that? 1319 00:55:42,166 --> 00:55:45,533 They can use planetary scales that we could only dream of 1320 00:55:45,533 --> 00:55:48,066 with a Rover or an AUV. 1321 00:55:48,066 --> 00:55:51,600 So every AUV on the planet, what limits where it goes? 1322 00:55:51,600 --> 00:55:53,833 Anybody? 1323 00:55:53,833 --> 00:55:55,066 Batteries, right? - Yeah. 1324 00:55:55,066 --> 00:55:57,466 - Okay, so unless you have a solar-powered AUV, 1325 00:55:57,466 --> 00:55:59,966 you can't go very far on the planet compared to a tuna. 1326 00:55:59,966 --> 00:56:02,233 And so what the animals are doing 1327 00:56:02,233 --> 00:56:04,433 is they're combining elastic energy storage 1328 00:56:04,433 --> 00:56:07,466 with mechanical muscle power. 1329 00:56:07,466 --> 00:56:10,200 Once they get out there, it's a desert. 1330 00:56:10,200 --> 00:56:11,933 So the question really is where do you feed? 1331 00:56:11,933 --> 00:56:13,833 And the answer is you're feeding below 1332 00:56:13,833 --> 00:56:16,833 the surface satellite imagery. 1333 00:56:16,833 --> 00:56:18,800 And I think the café is a great example 1334 00:56:18,800 --> 00:56:20,666 where, you know, 1335 00:56:20,666 --> 00:56:22,866 by surface signal, we would never know that 1336 00:56:22,866 --> 00:56:25,366 that was a place that all the white sharks gather, 1337 00:56:25,366 --> 00:56:27,100 or would we know why. 1338 00:56:27,100 --> 00:56:28,800 And so when we go there physically 1339 00:56:28,800 --> 00:56:30,200 perhaps for the first time-- 1340 00:56:30,200 --> 00:56:31,666 we've applied for some cruise time-- 1341 00:56:31,666 --> 00:56:34,700 maybe what we'll find is what I think is going on, 1342 00:56:34,700 --> 00:56:37,766 and that is that there is an edge there 1343 00:56:37,766 --> 00:56:39,933 that we don't naturally recognize as vertebrates, 1344 00:56:39,933 --> 00:56:41,166 as primates. 1345 00:56:41,166 --> 00:56:44,400 The edge is formed by a hypoxic layer 1346 00:56:44,400 --> 00:56:47,866 and a very well-oxygenated piece of the ocean 1347 00:56:47,866 --> 00:56:49,733 and maybe along that frontal boundary, 1348 00:56:49,733 --> 00:56:51,166 that's a kind of frontal boundary 1349 00:56:51,166 --> 00:56:52,733 that we don't normally see from the surface, 1350 00:56:52,733 --> 00:56:56,066 there's a stack of, like, cordwood of prey 1351 00:56:56,066 --> 00:56:57,400 or maybe it's for some other reason, 1352 00:56:57,400 --> 00:56:59,200 but I think what the animals are teaching us 1353 00:56:59,200 --> 00:57:02,366 is we don't entirely yet understand our planet 1354 00:57:02,366 --> 00:57:05,733 as to where the carbon gets stored 1355 00:57:05,733 --> 00:57:08,300 that then makes for a good food web. 1356 00:57:08,300 --> 00:57:09,500 - Well, that's interesting. 1357 00:57:09,500 --> 00:57:11,200 There may also be some metabolic issues 1358 00:57:11,200 --> 00:57:12,933 because it's a lower temperature, 1359 00:57:12,933 --> 00:57:14,300 but the following question I have 1360 00:57:14,300 --> 00:57:17,600 is that the ocean is an acoustic environment, 1361 00:57:17,600 --> 00:57:19,266 not a visual environment. 1362 00:57:19,266 --> 00:57:22,566 Have you thought about look-- listening to the animals 1363 00:57:22,566 --> 00:57:24,133 as they're moving through the ocean, 1364 00:57:24,133 --> 00:57:27,100 and not only to understand what they're doing, 1365 00:57:27,100 --> 00:57:29,966 but also to learn about the surrounding environment 1366 00:57:29,966 --> 00:57:31,500 acoustically? 1367 00:57:31,500 --> 00:57:33,600 - Yeah, it's a superb question. 1368 00:57:33,600 --> 00:57:35,633 I'd say that we vertebrate researchers, especially in fish, 1369 00:57:35,633 --> 00:57:37,333 are behind on the acoustics. 1370 00:57:37,333 --> 00:57:38,900 We actually, for the Navy, did a project 1371 00:57:38,900 --> 00:57:40,633 where we measured tuna's capacity to hear. 1372 00:57:40,633 --> 00:57:43,066 It's quite good. 1373 00:57:43,066 --> 00:57:46,133 And so I think what probably is going on 1374 00:57:46,133 --> 00:57:49,166 that we haven't ever put a perception on 1375 00:57:49,166 --> 00:57:51,400 in terms of a human perception of how it works 1376 00:57:51,400 --> 00:57:54,333 is that certainly when things move through the ocean 1377 00:57:54,333 --> 00:57:57,000 there's sound signals, right? 1378 00:57:57,000 --> 00:57:59,200 How a fish would pick that up isn't something 1379 00:57:59,200 --> 00:58:03,000 anybody's, you know, done at the pelagic level very well, 1380 00:58:03,000 --> 00:58:06,066 but perhaps-- perhaps it's working. 1381 00:58:06,066 --> 00:58:08,566 I think that smell is certainly big. 1382 00:58:08,566 --> 00:58:11,700 You look at a marlin, a tuna, swordfish, 1383 00:58:11,700 --> 00:58:14,966 they've got a very large rosette that is nasal. 1384 00:58:14,966 --> 00:58:18,133 So clearly, the smell of a squid, 1385 00:58:18,133 --> 00:58:20,800 you know, may be something they can pick up. 1386 00:58:20,800 --> 00:58:23,466 I mean, I get fascinated primarily by simple questions 1387 00:58:23,466 --> 00:58:26,700 like this: how does a giant tuna swimming in the North Atlantic 1388 00:58:26,700 --> 00:58:28,833 decide to go to 1,000 meters 1389 00:58:28,833 --> 00:58:31,566 and do it in less than ten minutes? 1390 00:58:31,566 --> 00:58:33,033 You know, how did it know 1391 00:58:33,033 --> 00:58:35,133 that there was something worth chasing down there? 1392 00:58:35,133 --> 00:58:38,266 So how does it find the squid that's down there? 1393 00:58:38,266 --> 00:58:39,966 And wouldn't you love to see from a camera 1394 00:58:39,966 --> 00:58:41,433 what's really going on? 1395 00:58:41,433 --> 00:58:43,966 Imagine all of you who spend every day 1396 00:58:43,966 --> 00:58:46,133 wanting to go to some other planet, 1397 00:58:46,133 --> 00:58:50,133 we've barely seen what's on this planet at depth, 1398 00:58:50,133 --> 00:58:51,633 all right? 1399 00:58:51,633 --> 00:58:53,500 We've been to the Marianas Trench. 1400 00:58:53,500 --> 00:58:55,566 We've been to some of these incredible places, 1401 00:58:55,566 --> 00:58:58,266 but do we really understand 1402 00:58:58,266 --> 00:58:59,466 places like the open sea, 1403 00:58:59,466 --> 00:59:02,233 what's happening in the richest, 1404 00:59:02,233 --> 00:59:04,433 most biodiverse region, the mesopelagic, 1405 00:59:04,433 --> 00:59:07,866 which covers the largest zone of the ocean? 1406 00:59:07,866 --> 00:59:10,033 So we oceanographers have been behind 1407 00:59:10,033 --> 00:59:12,166 at sending our message out. 1408 00:59:12,166 --> 00:59:14,366 We're perhaps not as articulate a crowd 1409 00:59:14,366 --> 00:59:16,966 as our colleagues of this institution, 1410 00:59:16,966 --> 00:59:20,833 and I think that, you know, there's some really clear issues 1411 00:59:20,833 --> 00:59:23,933 across 2/3 of the planet that have to be sorted out. 1412 00:59:23,933 --> 00:59:26,333 And I think that, you know, it's challenging 1413 00:59:26,333 --> 00:59:29,333 to make it compelling. 1414 00:59:31,900 --> 00:59:34,866 - Hi, thanks for coming to talk to us. 1415 00:59:34,866 --> 00:59:36,700 I had a question in terms of-- you talked about 1416 00:59:36,700 --> 00:59:38,633 a lot of different technologies that are being developed. 1417 00:59:38,633 --> 00:59:42,266 In terms of one establishing MPAs 1418 00:59:42,266 --> 00:59:44,933 across--for California, 1419 00:59:44,933 --> 00:59:48,366 and then sort of supporting the establishment 1420 00:59:48,366 --> 00:59:50,100 and retaining them, 1421 00:59:50,100 --> 00:59:52,633 what types of advancements in technologies 1422 00:59:52,633 --> 00:59:54,500 or developments do you see? 1423 00:59:54,500 --> 00:59:57,300 Is it sort of supporting, like, population 1424 00:59:57,300 --> 01:00:00,100 or looking at species or-- 1425 01:00:00,100 --> 01:00:02,533 maybe you could speak a little bit to that. 1426 01:00:02,533 --> 01:00:04,933 - Okay, and that's a-- that's a terrific question, 1427 01:00:04,933 --> 01:00:06,300 a very hard question, too, 1428 01:00:06,300 --> 01:00:08,466 so thank you for the difficult question. 1429 01:00:08,466 --> 01:00:12,133 And I don't think we have a clear answer to that question. 1430 01:00:12,133 --> 01:00:14,666 I think that many of you may know that 1431 01:00:14,666 --> 01:00:16,766 there's been an act passed in California 1432 01:00:16,766 --> 01:00:19,766 that protects very important domains 1433 01:00:19,766 --> 01:00:21,233 that are inshore, 1434 01:00:21,233 --> 01:00:22,600 so the Marine Life Protection Act. 1435 01:00:22,600 --> 01:00:25,533 That means that a hundred years from now, 1436 01:00:25,533 --> 01:00:27,866 you know, your kids' kids might be able to see 1437 01:00:27,866 --> 01:00:30,833 what happens in a California intertidal zone 1438 01:00:30,833 --> 01:00:32,433 that's almost undisturbed. 1439 01:00:32,433 --> 01:00:35,033 So it protects small places close to shore. 1440 01:00:35,033 --> 01:00:38,466 We have sanctuaries now, and these sanctuaries, 1441 01:00:38,466 --> 01:00:40,633 such as Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, 1442 01:00:40,633 --> 01:00:42,333 the Gulf of the Farallones Sanctuary, 1443 01:00:42,333 --> 01:00:44,366 Cordell Bank Sanctuary, 1444 01:00:44,366 --> 01:00:46,466 they protect larger parcels of the ocean 1445 01:00:46,466 --> 01:00:48,200 that are quite important, 1446 01:00:48,200 --> 01:00:49,866 but they still allow fishing 1447 01:00:49,866 --> 01:00:52,633 and many activities to occur there. 1448 01:00:52,633 --> 01:00:55,533 There is a push going on right now 1449 01:00:55,533 --> 01:01:00,366 by--by the west-coast folks 1450 01:01:00,366 --> 01:01:04,900 in--in oceans to now take seamounts 1451 01:01:04,900 --> 01:01:08,066 and through the Monument Act 1452 01:01:08,066 --> 01:01:11,300 put those out of reach of certain types of fishers, 1453 01:01:11,300 --> 01:01:13,733 the fishers who can drag a net along a seamount 1454 01:01:13,733 --> 01:01:16,200 and change the biodiversity overnight. 1455 01:01:16,200 --> 01:01:18,033 So that is an-- 1456 01:01:18,033 --> 01:01:20,700 is an Antiquities Act type of protection 1457 01:01:20,700 --> 01:01:24,066 that may go in play at the end of the Obama administration. 1458 01:01:25,533 --> 01:01:28,633 What other tools do we have to protect pelagic areas? 1459 01:01:28,633 --> 01:01:30,300 Very few is the answer. 1460 01:01:30,300 --> 01:01:33,566 Even building a World Heritage Site, 1461 01:01:33,566 --> 01:01:35,700 you know, the same type of site that might be around 1462 01:01:35,700 --> 01:01:37,300 the Great Barrier Reef, 1463 01:01:37,300 --> 01:01:41,266 is something that's very unique to a temperate zone like ours 1464 01:01:41,266 --> 01:01:44,400 and doesn't necessarily come with a lot of protection 1465 01:01:44,400 --> 01:01:47,033 as much as it raises the profile of an area. 1466 01:01:47,033 --> 01:01:50,000 So the answer is that's our challenge. 1467 01:01:50,000 --> 01:01:53,833 How do we tell the fleets of boats that we are seeing 1468 01:01:53,833 --> 01:01:56,500 now that we have the AIS tools-- 1469 01:01:56,500 --> 01:01:59,433 so remember, the biggest tool that came of age 1470 01:01:59,433 --> 01:02:00,800 in the last two years 1471 01:02:00,800 --> 01:02:05,700 is the capacity to use a collision-avoidance system 1472 01:02:05,700 --> 01:02:08,100 as a way to see what humans are doing on the planet, 1473 01:02:08,100 --> 01:02:11,800 and it's been shocking to see all the nations 1474 01:02:11,800 --> 01:02:14,300 out beyond our borders 1475 01:02:14,300 --> 01:02:17,000 who are fishing every last fish they can get. 1476 01:02:17,000 --> 01:02:19,466 So we may be the best at making laws 1477 01:02:19,466 --> 01:02:21,500 that conserve and manage our fisheries. 1478 01:02:21,500 --> 01:02:23,766 We do quite well as Americans. 1479 01:02:23,766 --> 01:02:24,933 But just beyond our borders, 1480 01:02:24,933 --> 01:02:26,866 where the animals are coming in from, 1481 01:02:26,866 --> 01:02:29,466 we've got many nations, 1482 01:02:29,466 --> 01:02:32,066 and I'm not gonna name names, but the fleets are big. 1483 01:02:32,066 --> 01:02:34,600 I'll name some of the biggest fleets, China, Korea, 1484 01:02:34,600 --> 01:02:36,833 Japan. 1485 01:02:36,833 --> 01:02:39,600 And they're fishing in the offshore realm. 1486 01:02:39,600 --> 01:02:42,733 So we won't save that part of this planet 1487 01:02:42,733 --> 01:02:44,966 until we come up with ways of monitoring, 1488 01:02:44,966 --> 01:02:47,166 and monitoring can only be done with satellites 1489 01:02:47,166 --> 01:02:50,400 and with tools that would allow us to count, 1490 01:02:50,400 --> 01:02:52,266 you know, what's being taken. 1491 01:02:52,266 --> 01:02:55,866 So my dream is beyond the tag I told you about 1492 01:02:55,866 --> 01:02:58,600 unfunded-- I call it fish chip-- 1493 01:02:58,600 --> 01:03:01,600 is to chip the carcasses tomorrow, 1494 01:03:01,600 --> 01:03:04,600 not--not, you know, ten years from now. 1495 01:03:04,600 --> 01:03:07,566 So by chipping the carcasses with a satellite chip-- 1496 01:03:07,566 --> 01:03:09,300 it isn't as easy as you think. 1497 01:03:09,300 --> 01:03:11,000 You want to have Veridium. 1498 01:03:11,000 --> 01:03:14,100 You want to have RFID. 1499 01:03:14,100 --> 01:03:17,633 You want to be able to see an animal in container ships, 1500 01:03:17,633 --> 01:03:20,200 so you need GPS, Veridium, a bunch of different technologies 1501 01:03:20,200 --> 01:03:21,866 together on the chip 1502 01:03:21,866 --> 01:03:24,466 so that we can't have a black market of tuna, 1503 01:03:24,466 --> 01:03:27,166 toothfish, you know. 1504 01:03:27,166 --> 01:03:29,200 Other people might worry about rhinoceroses, 1505 01:03:29,200 --> 01:03:31,433 but you want to be able to chip the wildlife 1506 01:03:31,433 --> 01:03:34,400 so it can't be traveling the planet without us knowing. 1507 01:03:34,400 --> 01:03:35,833 And I think we could do that 1508 01:03:35,833 --> 01:03:37,800 as soon as people come together and say, 1509 01:03:37,800 --> 01:03:41,133 "We care about these problems." 1510 01:03:41,133 --> 01:03:43,766 - So with that, please join me in thanking Dr. Block 1511 01:03:43,766 --> 01:03:44,933 for an excellent talk. 1512 01:03:44,933 --> 01:03:46,633 [applause]